The most widespread fanon (fan canon) rationalization is that smoothies were genetically engineered Klingons to make subterfuge easier and that the turtleheads were always the natural state of their species which synchs up with what you read.
It’s fanwankery though, and not the “real” explanation.
My IMHO is that during Kirks time there was significant Klingon Romulan interbreeding especially in the highest Klingon families. Leading to the extreme similarity in the two races during Kirks time.
Actually (some trekkie I turned out to be), when I mentioned the founders above, I was thinking of that long-dead race that was cited as the reason why so many species are humanoid; they were humanoid and foresaw their own extinction, so they coded their DNA into a single-celled lifeform, then spread it all over the galaxy, (implausibly)giving rise to humanoids all over the shop.
After TMP, I always used a slight mental cheat and thought that the Klingons interbred with conquered species. Then for the out-of-the-way or sesspool worlds they just let the best of the conquered species pretend to be Klingon and practice conquering on their own.
Now this is fine for a moments diversion - a thought to fill in the gaps - like a Kit-Kat Bar in the afternoon - but there are problems if you try to make it true.
What I hope they don’t do is use Phlox’s medical genius to develop some Human-Klingon DNA melding technique and actually explain it away that way.