Bottom line:
Rights exist. In some abstract, metaphysical sense, they are inalienable.
This country is founded on the principle that all men are created equal, and endowed with those inalienable rights.
Certain of those rights are guaranteed, in quite broad language, in the Constitution. Others are guaranteed in individual state constitutions and in statute law.
Congress has the power to guarantee additional rights, by statute, to propose amendments guaranteeing or eliminating specific rights, to define by law what specific guarantees may mean in actuality, etc.
In the absence of Congressional action, it falls to the courts geneerally, and to the Supreme Court, to decide what individual rights mean and what inferences can be drawn from them. For example, does freedom of speech include the freedom to be heard by a willing listener? By an unwilling, coopted listener? What if it’s in print? Or on an electronic medium? How about phone calls? How about annoying, nuisance phone calls? Automatically dialed recorded messages? What about junk faxes?
Likewise, does the right to be secure in person, residence, papers, etc., from unreasonable searches and seizures translate into a broad right to privacy? If not, is there such a right? What constitutes a “reasonable” search or seizure? Is a wiretap? Is the searching of an automobile? What if the cop thinks you’re a member of Al Qaeda? What if the cop thinks you’re a member of Al Qaeda because you happen to be of Arabic descent? What if you’re a liberal and therefore suspect in the minds of a paranoid ultraconservative accuser? Are there lines here? Where are they drawn?
What’s a “cruel and unusual punishment”? Who decides? On what grounds?
What are “the privileges and immunities” of citizens of the United States? Who decides? Why are those particular ones and not others guaranteed? How are they guaranteed? What if a state’s self-preservation requires regulation of them? Where’s the line between that being overly intrusive and necessary? Who decides?
Can a right fall into desuetude through not having been protected? Does it actually exist? Can it then be recognized? By whom? How? What if that offends someone else’s sensibilities?
What the heck does the Ninth Amendment mean? What did Madison and the First Congress and the ratifying states intend it to mean? Who has the right to make it mean something else? Why can they?
Not easy questions to answer. But ones whose answers are sometimes essential to living in a free society.