For example, are hardware store (e.g. Home Depot) employees more likely to develop cancer than an office worker? Is there some sort of massive survey of cancer rates by profession available?
Oh, yes. This is a hugely studied area, especially in the last 40 or 50 years. There are, literally, thousands of research papers published which address your question (i.e. occupational cancer risks).
As I understand it, the impetus for studying the relationship between occupation and cancer risk arose when in the late 18th century it was noticed that chimney sweeps developed cancer of the scrotum at a very high rate, whereas it was very uncommon among all other occupations/populations. There’s even a Wiki article on it - Chimney Sweeps’ Carcinoma.
I haven’t done a search for the topic, but did stumble upon a very reputable-looking site of government statistics describing cancer incidence in various occupations. Starting with this page for convenience, and going from there, I’m sure you’ll be able to link around to whatever interests you (just use the tabs running horizontally and the ‘charts and tables’ link on the right).
ETA - to assist any other searching you do, try using the keywords ‘occupational cancer’.