Closed canons and the current state of the arts

Thesis: Before WWII, there was a consensus as to what art was great, and there was a process in place for new works to be welcomed into the canon. Today, there is still a consensus as to what was great art before WWII, but there is little consensus as to what great art has been produced since. In essence, the canons are closed, no famous works are being created, and no new artists welcomed into the pantheon of geniuses.

The big exception to this thesis, which I would like to discuss first, is movies. Movies and the people still become famous and are known and loved by all classes of society. If one wishes to be known as a great artist in 2004, perhaps the only path left is film: director, producer, screenwriter, set designer, actor, and—above all else—star.

Further, every year our society honors motion pictures and their creators with awards and festivals genuinely valued by the Folk: the Oscars, the Golden Globes, Cannes, etc. Moreover, movies are not soon cast away by society, but rather are valued for an extended period and considered true art: The Godfather, etc.

Now, before we look at the pitiable state of the other arts, some readers might suggest that other exceptions exist: namely, TV shows, popular music, and novels. However, none of these makes the grade.

TV shows are a close cousin to motion pictures, and, insofar as they do make an impression and last, I am content to include them in the category of “movie” above. Most shows, however, are explicitly throwaway entertainment and subsist after their cancellation solely by the power of nostalgia. “Friends” is popular now, it will be somewhat nostalgically popular 20 or 30 years from now, and it will be utterly forgotten 100 years from now.

Still, we must recognized that visual entertainment, whether made for the big or small screen, is what gains fame and a chance to last in our society. Further, it can enter the canon.

What about popular music? Some popular music is truly great art. Further, many pop stars are famous—so what’s the problem? The problem is quite simple: tastes in music have become so fragmented that few songs or singers are loved by enough people to make it into the canon. Further, the most famous bands these days try to appeal only to the very young (Britney, etc.), which means that adults are not taking their music seriously (whether it is good or not). Bands simply don’t become as famous (qualitatively and quantitatively) as the Beatles did, and our society does not canonize particular songs as it once did “Three Coins in the Fountain.”

Novels. Again I will not doubt that good books are being written, and certain books can sell quite well. Again, the problem is that they are not making into the canon. A hundred years from now school kids will be reading The Great Gatsby, but they will not be reading any book written in the last 50 years.

OK, there are a few more recent authors that might make it: Vonnegut, whoever. I have nothing against modern writers; in fact, it’s sad that so much talent goes unnoticed. The point is simply that society does not have a process in place to digest it all.

There is room for argument regarding these three exceptions, but regarding the rest of the arts we will now consider, I think there is none: the arts are dead, the canons closed, and the artists themselves bereft of hope for fame or riches.

Orchestral music. We might as well start with the worst. I can’t imagine anything sadder than being a composer today, whose sole hope must be to write music for—you guessed it—movies. Most composers, I should think, never even get to hear their compositions played by a real orchestra. What was the last piece truly to enter the canon? Hmm. Something by Schoenberg, maybe. Stuff by Wolpe or Stockhausen has never really made it, despite its goodness.

Poetry. At least you can’t really fake composition. Any human or animal can pretend to be a poet. Poetry occupies a hellish niche on the web, in which idiots posing as experts beat the genuinely talented over the head with their book of dogma. All the while, no one else gives even half a damn. The two best-selling poets of the last 50 years are Rod McKuen and Jewel, who, because they were popular, are reviled by the academics. Rest in peace, poetry.

Painting. Painters are luckier than most, in that they can actually sell their work and know that it is being enjoyed by someone. Why is it that society stopped recognizing painters as great back in the day of Klee et al.? I have no explanation, do you? Again, it’s not for lack of talent.
Theater. Everyone knows the sad state of Broadway these days, in which only mega-big musicals and Disney cavalcades can succeed. One in a while a real play gets produced and enjoyed, such as Proof, but what non-musical show in the last 30 years has really lasted (that was not a movie to begin with or gained lasting popularity precisely because it became a movie)? Nothing comes immediately to mind. I read a stat in the last few years that only 12 or so writers are able to make a living by writing for Broadway.

And so on for dance, architecture, whatever. Now, I want your opinions, but I’d prefer not to get into a vicious argument about the details. I want you to see the big picture with me and try to explain how things got this way. If we were to go back to 1930, for example, things would not seem this way: anyone even mildly educated could have told you who the big poets, composers, novelists, songwriters, and painters of the day were, and there would have been this sense of continuation, of continued contribution, that we have, except in the case of movies, utterly lost.

Why? And where do we go from here? I have some ideas, but I’d like to hear yours first.

I agree with your analysis w/r/t TV, movies, painting, theatre, and novels. 100 years from now only the current movies out of these categories will be appreciated by anything other than hardcore history buffs.

I, however, disagree with respect to music and poetry. Especially orchestral music. Classical music and opera, respectively, were the popular orchestral musics of the day, and they survived the jump from popularity into the canon. The same can be said of orchestral works for movies: like it or not, these are the ones that will make it into the canon, whether they are excellent pieces like Shore’s Rings or Poledouris’ Conan, or just decent one’s like Williams’ Star Wars.

With poetry, I must disagree with this analysis, as the modern poetry I am exposed to is the only examples of all of the mentioned art forms that compare to the established canon. No modern painting can compare to Bosch, or even Sargent. But many of the poems read on the web, or Garrison Keillor, are up with the best I’ve ever heard. Since poetry has always been more of an academic pursuit, anyway, I don’t see the difference between now and a couple hundred years ago.

Why is this true for other arts forms? Well, with TV, you answer your own question: people aren’t taking it as seriously. With regards to music, I think the reason is that modern non-theatre orchestral music sucks (nothing TO put in the canon.)

I think painting is an example of an art form that is no longer being canonicalized for the most culturally palpable reason of these: the changing face of media. Mass images have made the individual image less precious. I don’t see how this can change back to the way it was before, but w/r/t the other media, it is possible given changes in the public’s tastes.

I see two questionable assertions in your argument:

  1. You treat the existence of a “canon” (whether fixed or shifting) as a given. In point of fact, many authorities (I am not one) would argue that we are in the process of abandoning the whole idea of canonicity, and the sooner the better, and that 100 years from now your question will be meaningless.

  2. You assume that a canonical work immediately reveals itself as such, but this is manifestly not the case. Randomly select 100 major works/artists, and I’ll bet a goody portion of them were not seen as canonical until decades after their creation. To pick one extreme example, John Donne was virtually ignored until TS Eliot rediscovered and canonized him in the 1930s. Many many works we now see as classics were popular fluff in their time – Shakespeare did not tower above his peers until after his death, Daniel Defoe was trash fiction, etc. – and many who were regarded as important in their day are less regarded now.

Having said all that: to draw only on the field I am most familiar with: I would be shocked if an Lit Major in, say 2154 wasn’t familiar with Toni Morrison, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, John Updike, and others. And consistient with #2 above, I wouldn’t doubt that they might know Stephen King, too.

The problem with poetry today is that many poets are writing them without the poetics. As a result, it becomes really flat verse. And those that pursue writing are treated to this type of poetry, of course they come to despise it, for it lacks resonance.

Hard to believe that the same university that brought out Robert Frost, TS Eliot, and E. E. Cummings, and other great poets, now has a vociferous “Anti-Poetry” Society on campus.

Some of the best poetry is set to music.

I agree that movies still retain the power to propel orchestral pieces into fame. But even here there would seem to be a deep decline since the 50s and 60s, when records of movie themes (Exodus, etc.) were still big business. Still, your point is a good one.

I think there are many medium-sized differences that add up to a big difference. The average literate person of 1704 and 1804 (as I perceive it) took poetry seriously and enjoyed it to some extent. Now the average literary person doesn’t give a damn. Further, although, I agree that plenty of good-quality work is being written today, there is little interest on the part of society, without which no one becomes famous, nor do their works. I mean, now would be a terrible time to be a poet with real talent; no one’s gonna care.

Yes, this started becoming a big deal when I was in school back in the early 90s (just around when “PC” started taking off). Deconstructionism and all that.

I myself don’t believe there is a true “canon” assembled by worthy intellectuals that we all must appreciate. Rather, I think, up to now, there were many overlapping canons, upon which there was some consensus in various layers of society. Elliot was loved by the eggheads (I’m one egghead quite resistant to his charms), whereas his kitty poems were enjoyed by the masses and turned into a pop musical. Sonheim is another example of a person whose works could cross canons.

But in either case, there was this sense that certain works were big and important, and certain artists were too. I think to lose that sense is bad for society and bad for the arts.

Oh no, we agree perfectly. Mellville is an example of a ressurection–he was famous in his time, forgotten, then raised in the 20th century. I think it would be hard for something similar to happen now, however. Does anyone (other than myself, hah hah) read through minor/forgotten 19th century poems looking for treasures? And when they find them, is there a system to get the word out? Perhaps, again, this could work for movies.

But the weird thing about OUR times is that you can ask the following questions of the people on the street and get nada for an answer:

  1. Who is the most famous poet in the US/world?
  2. Who is the most famous composer in the US/world? (You might get John Williams from some people.)
  3. Who is the most famous painter in the US/world? Etc.

Yes, King might remain in a Poe-ish sort of way. As for the others, they might remain in a purely academic way, but I don’t think any of their books will be loved in the same way that Dickens’ and the Brontes’ are still loved. Updike? I think he’s rot, but that’s just 20th century lit. 19th century writers had a true belief in spirituality and beauty, whereas 20th century ones wanted to write about how awful the world is. Guess what remains popular?

But you make some very nice points. Thanks for dropping by.

Sorry, I almost chocked on my snack when I read this. Many writers from the 19th century didn’t hesitate to reveal the ugliness of the world or the human condition. See, the portrayal of obsession in Moby Dick, jealousy & self-centeredness in Anna Karenina, willful brutality in Crime & Punishment, social dystopia in*{insert random Dickens title here}*, etc, etc. Perhaps the shock effect of what these authors wrote about has faded over time or been supplanted by more explicit depictions, but they were certainly not absent.

Good point. Of course 19th century authors dealt with oppression, trouble, and ugliness. But there was a sense that problems could be solved and the world made better.

Works that bathed in the sewer just to show us how bad and/or meaningless everything is were few, I would say.

True enough, and I’ll grant the thrust of your sentiments here.

But for devil’s advocate purposes, I’ll point out two things at work here:

  1. The types of arts practiced are changing; what I mean by that is that the “spaces” in western culture that were formerly held by these arts are held by new ones. The functional role that poetry once held in the average reader’s mind is now held by popular music; to put it most plainly, 100 years ago a suitor would read Shelley to his love, and now he will sing a Justin Timberlake tune. And the cultural roles once filled by plays and novels are held by films (and our novels nowadays seem awfully symphonic, for that matter).

  2. What’s changed in the last 100 years is that whereas historically wealth was concentrated in the elite classes, and it was they who produced the great majority of art (excepting of course, “folk art”). Now the masses control the capital and thus cultural production is by and for the popular palate.
    None of which inhibits me from saying it sucks.

Who knows? Maybe 100 years from now Jerry Bruckhiemer will be regarded as the greatest producer the world has ever seen while Steven Speilberg will be remembered as “the guy who did that old movie with the fish”.

This point is mostly true, but popular music has always existed (hence the cliche of serenading beneath the beloved’s window). So I think that part of it is replacement with pop music and what-have-you, and part of it is just plain ol’ death.

Again mostly true. It’s interesting that theater survives precisely where it can vie with film: in the big spectacle area. I think that theater could have survived otherwise (it is not so very much less interesting to audiences, even jaded modern ones), were it not for the economics. A movie ticket costs $10; a theater tickets costs 6-10 times as much. Even if you go to see a little community theater show, it still runs you a cool $20. Movies cost a ton to make, but they still make dough and don’t cost so much to see.

Yes, I agree but would like to add a point I think helps explain the death of poetry and painting as canon fodder (neat pun, eh?): the increase in literacy.

In 1750 most people in, say, England and America couldn’t read, at least not very well; and certainly most people couldn’t write worth a damn. Today, there are enough people at least competent enough to think they’ve got talent. The mystery of the thing is gone; hey, I can write poetry too. (It’s a salient point, I think, that screenwriters almost never become famous for their writing!)

In the case of painting, it’s not literacy but just a general raising of lifestyles that let all kinds of people try their hand at various crafts.

And I think the same thing is already happening to pop music: there are a lot of decent singers and musicians out there, and with a little push from music software just about anyone can sound good. I don’t know how much longer the pop music media machine can be kept oiled and running. Certainly, the scarce resource of TV/film image share will be able to keep visually appealing acts like Britney and Justin profitable; but the promotional power of radio and the record companies alone just doesn’t cut it any more.

Lots of it sucking ain’t the prob; the fact that our culture has no mechanism to celebrate the truly excellent is what troubles me.

Hmmm. I’d never thought of that. Something to chew on.

It’s worth noting that people today, especially young ones, are “visually literate.” I ask my students to analyze an essay, they have no clue. If I ask them to analyze a photo, they’re immediately talking about lighting, and foregounding and on and on. That is their native language.

What troubles me is that so many, especially our intelligentsia, are unwilling or unable to recognize that some things are more excellent than others.

Undoubtedly, that’s true. But what’s being recognized, albeit for political correctness purposes, is that the scales are excellence are setup by indivduals or groups, and not automatically or readily exported to society. One certainly wouldn’t want the “tyranny of the intelligentsia” to shape the contemporary canons.

scales of excellence.

What’s wrong with this? It may be a sign that with the advent of television and computers, our society is shifting from words and imagination to a more visual way of thinking. Could be bad in the short term, but you never know.

Says who? Maybe excellent to you isn’t quite as excellent to others.

Shouldn’t the fact that things you recognize as excellent don’t get recognized, show you that maybe your viewpoint is not concurrent with the majority of society?

If I may provide my own response to this point… I think visual thinking is fine, but I don’t want to lose our literacy, either. How about a good balance?

Personally, my issue is NOT that what society puts out for entertainment these days is vulgar or bad–a lot is great. I just think that society is letting too much slip by that is valuable. No one in particular is to blame for this; it’s just the way the structure of things has come to be.

If you put it that way, I agree. There is a lot of great work that simply doesn’t get recognized, and most likely would be very popular if it was in a position to be recognized.

Well, I didn’t say it was bad. I do think it is problematic though. There are very significant differences in a mind shaped by visual media vs. a mind shaped by written ones.

More basically, there are concepts that cannot be expressed in visual images use an old example: a picture can convey the concepts of “the cat is on the mat” and “the cat is not on the mat” very powerfully. It will struggle to convey “the cat was on the mat” or “the cat is usually on the mat,” and fail utterly in attempts to express “the cat should be on the mat.”

Nearly all earth’s major religions and philosophies are grounded and embedded in written language. Given that, I think the decline in literacy is cause for concern.

Ah, yes. “It’s all opinion.” Shakespeare is inferior to Bring it On, and you have the box-office receipts to show it, I suppose. That way lieth barbarism.

The point is not that the elites are the arbiters of all that is right and good, but that there are works that have been recognized for decades and centuries as being triumphs of the human spirit, and to fail to recognize them as such is to deprive ourself of our inheritance. The elitist, indeed, is the one who presumes to cast down tradition.

Recognized by whom?

By those interested in the arts. The canon has* not *been exclusively formed by the educated or the professionals. (They do have a disproportionate influence, though that only seems to make sense). Many readers, writers, students and teachers over many years have found Shakespeare beautiful and meaningful; ergo, he stays in the canon. Many now find Toni Morrison to be also beautiful and meaningfull; ergo she is being canonized.