Copyright question- copies of public domain works.

[Mdcastle]

Let’s say there’s a 1920 postcard of downtown Chicago. Obviously the copyright on the image itself is expired.

What if someone reproduces it in a book about the history of Chicago? Is that copy of the original subject to copyright?

What about if someone puts it on a scanner and posts it on Flickr. Is the digital image subject to copyright?

In both case, assume they may have tweaked the contrast and such, but not substantially altered it.

[Exapno_Mapcase]

An unaltered image in itself remains in the public domain in all cases.

The exact circumstances of the placement of the image, if it is part of a page in a book with words, or a caption, or even the page number, may be copyrightable. Whether the reuse of that page would be a violation of that copyright, however, depends entirely on the circumstances of that use.

Similarly, the exact circumstances of the “tweaking” of the image may produce a new and copyrightable image.

There is no general rule that can be applied. Everything depends on the particular and exact circumstances of an individual example.

[Reply]

@Exapno_Mapcase

An unaltered image in itself remains in the public domain in all cases.

The exact circumstances of the placement of the image, if it is part of a page in a book with words, or a caption, or even the page number, may be copyrightable. Whether the reuse of that page would be a violation of that copyright, however, depends entirely on the circumstances of that use.

Similarly, the exact circumstances of the “tweaking” of the image may produce a new and copyrightable image.

There is no general rule that can be applied. Everything depends on the particular and exact circumstances of an individual example.

Does it basically come down to a court’s interpretation on a per-suit basis?

[BeaMyra]

@Reply

Does it basically come down to a court’s interpretation on a per-suit basis?

Pretty much, this is what people find so irritating about copyright law. One judge may say something is fair use another may not.

When you take a public domain image and alter it, it has to be significantly or artistically different from the original to claim a new copyright. What does that mean? What a judge says.

[ctnguy]

The main case on the issue in the US is apparently Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp., 36 F. Supp. 2d 191 (S.D.N.Y. 1999), in which the court ruled that “slavish copies” of public domain works are not copyrightable.

[Exapno_Mapcase]

@Reply

Does it basically come down to a court’s interpretation on a per-suit basis?

Only a handful of copyright suits ever make it through the court system. And those are obviously going to be the ones with the oddest points and the most money at stake, so they’re hardly representative.

In the real world, your lawyer will tell you that the cost of a suit is far more than the rights are worth. So you either settle or don’t do it in the first place.

A four-point test for Fair Use is written into the law and the judges I’ve read are meticulous about applying the tests. Even so, when you’re dealing with the edges of the law one person’s interpretation may not be yours.

17 U.S.C. § 107

Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 17 U.S.C. § 106 and 17 U.S.C. § 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include:

        the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
        the nature of the copyrighted work;
        the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
        the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors.

All four points must be considered. Being commercial is not in and of itself a bar to fair use.

[UltraVires]

It’s not necessarily public domain just because it is from 1920. Copyright is life of the author plus 70 years. If you had a 30 year old in 1920 (born 1890) copyright the imagine and he died in, say 1970 (age 80) then the copyright will be in effect until 2040.

[Mr_Downtown]

That’s the current copyright statute, **jtgain. **Anything published before 1923 is now in the public domain. Helpful chart.