Coincidentally, I’ve just received my Advanced Open Water Diver certification card in the mail.
Just to be clear, diver’s usually breathe just plain air. Filtered and dry, but still 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. (Other gas mixtures are irrelevant for this discussion.)
The air is carried in a tank. 80 cubic foot tanks that hold air at around 3,000 psi when full are common. Obviously, you can’t breate 3,000 psi air directly from the tank; so you have the regulator 1st stage. This is the bit that clamps onto the tank valve, and it reduces the pressure to about 140 psi. From there, the air goes to the 2nd stage.
The second stage has a diaphragm. The diaphragm is connected to a lever that it connected to the 2nd stage valve. Now, you can’t breathe in while you are under water. The pressure is too great. But you can cause a slight pressure differential by “trying” to breathe. When you do this, the ambient water pressure is greater than the air pressure inside the 2nd stage. The water pushes against the diaphragm (not necessarily directly) which causes the lever to open the air valve. Now you have air coming in at the same pressure as the ambient pressure. Since the pressure is the same, you can breathe “normally”.
I’ll see if I can find someplace that describes it better than I have.
In any case, you cannot inhale through a garden hose if you’re more than about a foot deep.

