I know they were using VLF and ULF radio back in WWII and probably earlier, but that is really slow and doesn’t allow much information to be sent. Do they have something better these days?
Submarine communications techniques have a fairly high security classification, so you’re not likely to get much comment from those most familiar with them.
I’ll just say that a variety of technologies are used.
You might want to check out this wikipedia article, but I can’t comment on the veracity of the article.
Looks likeELF is now dead:
They offered tours of the Clam lake facility to high school classes back in the early 70’s.
Probably hasn’t changed. You can’t argue with the laws of physics.