I thought he just explained it. Consumer buys a $100 item with 12% VAT and pays $12 extra. But that $12 isn’t all sent to government! If the store paid $75 plus VAT, and has the receipt, then $3 is sent to government and the store keeps $9 to reimburse for VAT already paid.
I know very little about taxation policies but value added tax certainly does seem much more logical than sales tax, where a 5% tax grows to 100% after 20 meaningless transfers.
What I’d like to see are tax rates that vary by consumption value. Junk food and caviar would be taxed heavily compared with “good” food. Luxury cars taxed heavily, etc. (Yes, I know I’m now about to be labeled a Marxist anti-American crypto-terrorist who probably doesn’t even have a birth certificate. :dubious: )