Birmingham City FC (currently in the EFL, though they’ve been in the English Premier League in the past) has a logo which features a globe, centered on England – does that count?
All the logos referred to here are very, very old and most were never used as a primary logo on a uniform or in primary media. I’m 98% certain no US team, even in minor collegiate sports, uses cartography in their logo currently. This would violate pretty much every tenent of good graphic design, and these aren’t quaint organizations any more where those types of choices get botched.
A few universities use them in their academic branding and letterhead, but I don’t think those ever transfer to athletic departments.
Many Spanish teams have logos or escutcheons based on the coat of arms / escutcheon of their location; often while it is based on the city’s, this is in turn based on the region and even on the old Kingdom or Crown (both the Crown of León-later-Castille and the Crown of Aragon included multiple realms which shared the same ruler but were not part of each other; Castille eventually absorbed its sister realms, Aragon didn’t).
For example Osasuna’s escutcheon is clearly based on that ofPamplona, which shares the border of golden chains over a red background with many other Navarrese towns, as it’s taken from our regional symbol.
And here you have FC Barcelona (Barça), Barcelona, and the bars… no, not of Catalonia but of Aragon (although according to legend they originated with a Count of Barcelona).
I could go like that for pretty much any team which wasn’t already linked to a corporate image when it was born.
Mexico City’s Club América has a map of América on its primary logo (i.e., what most English speakers would call “the Americas” or “North and South America”). That’s as close as I’ve come to finding one
The Utah Jazz (on their “City” uniforms and floor) and Milwaukee Bucks (on the floor by the baselines) currently have alternate logos featuring their state. Also, the Golden State Warriors and New Jersey Nets had state outlines in their primary logos into the 1990s.
Googling around, it appears that the only major league American team that’s currently using a geographic outline as part of their logo are the New York Islanders, who have an outline of Long Island on their logo.
In addition to the already-named Louisiana Tech, there’s Indiana State and Stephen F. Austin. Texas Southern doesn’t use it on the uniform but they do use it on their main iconography.