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I’m about six hours into HL2 - I just got to the dune buggy/antlion part that you reach after you come out of the mines. So far, the game has absolutely no plot other than “run to the next place and try to stay alive!” Zero explanation of why anything is the way it is or what’s going on at all - just mindless setups for (incredibly fun and rewarding) shooting action.
Does the game ever develop a plot?
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Yep, you should already know some of the plot. If you didn’t play Half-Life 1 at all then you may not understand how you came into the game world. You were effectively removed from space and time by the mysterious G-man after H-L 1. In the interim you didn’t age whatsoever, for reasons known only to him, the G-man deposits you onto the train you are on at the beginning of the game.
(Note if you listen to some of the other passengers they wonder when you got on the train, as they didn’t see you board.)
You’re not really supposed to understand a lot other than that in the early part of the game.
The Half-Life series tells the entirety of its story through the first person perspective of Gordon Freeman. No cut scenes, ever. You never see the game from any other perspective.
Shortly after getting off the train you meet up with Barney (who you would recognize from Half-Life 1 only if you’d played it, if not then you’re probably still confused) he leads you on the path that gets you to Dr. Kleiner’s lab.
At Dr. Kleiner’s lab there is a newspaper article about the 7-Hour war, only if you move Gordon over to it and look at it will you hear a small bit of information about that war–which helps to explain how earth got into the shape it is in. Also, some of Dr. Wallace Breen’s PSAs over the video announcement system give you some information about what’s been going on in the world since Half-Life 1.
Right now you haven’t even gotten to Black Mesa East yet, (the reason you’re in the canals is because the teleportation device at Dr. Kleiner’s lab failed and couldn’t warp you over to Black Mesa East with Alyx.)
The game is sparse on traditional plot up through where you are, once you get to Black Mesa East you learn more about the games overarching storyline. But honestly a lot of stuff doesn’t really start to come together until the end of Half-Life 2. I will say that by the time you are much into Episode 1, the plot element is pretty strong, and you’re considerably less confused about what is going on.