It’s an interesting topic for debate if I may throw in my 2 cents of opinion based on experience, not cites involved sorry.
In response to the OP there’s a number of factors at play, some generational, some upbringing and some just mindset.
We have a much more generous welfare system than the USA yet the descriptions of mindset I read here are very similar. What keeps people poor is that mindset of not planning for the future but living from day to day and blowing money on crap they don’t need instead of making do with something else.
My parents were both children of the great depression years. Both were raised hard by thrifty parents, yet my dad was hopeless with money while my mum was really good. Everything he touched with money turned to shite, she bought a milk bar (corner store) worked her guts out and when she leased it out took on part time jobs.
I left home at 19 and moved from the bush to the city on my own after getting a job. I was one of the working poor but I cooked dinner at home for myself as it was cheaper and easier than takeaway.
Then I started earning a bit more, got a house married and had kids and went from working poor to poverty line. I still bought groceries and cooked dinner each night, took leftovers to work for lunch, did my furniture shopping on hard rubbish days (a council designated day when everyone loads their junk onto the nature stip in front of their house) and got by. The kids were healthy, ate well and didn’t lack for anything they NEEDED. I divorced when the kids were young and did most of that as a single parent with the kids living with me.
My Ex and most of her family were and are hopeless with money. If I gave her money to go buy groceries she’d come back with everything except meat and vegetables, just bag after bag of crap and convenience food. Some of her family have 3 generations still living in government subsidised housing, all on welfare with the girls popping out kids as soon as they leave school to get the welfare benefits (hey, worked for their mum). They have a decent car, newish furniture, the compulsory massive flat screen TV’s, live on crap junk food and most of the kids have ambition or inclination to do anything else with their lives. Those who do, don’t know how. They’re trapped.
My kids grew up knowing that money was short. 2 years apart in age but couldn’t be more different. My daughter is the young one, she works. Hard. And saves money. Paid cash for a 2nd hand car, buys her clothes on sale and bargains. She doesn’t want for anything but she’s thrifty. My son is like my dad, good intentions but can’t save and always looking for a shortcut which constantly burns him but he just doesn’t learn from it.
I’m doing all right these days, I have a decent amount in the bank and while not wealthy don’t consider myself poor. When ever I mention the money in the bank (which isn’t often) my son’s eyes glaze over and start imagining the car he could buy with that. My daughter thinks I’m extravagant when I bought 2 new flatscreen TV’s for the house for a total of 2/3 the price her step brother spent on one.
So in summary, the “poor mentality” to me is a mindset that can’t be escaped, whereas poverty can with the right attitude and opportunity (and a touch of luck)