Do other legislatures in the world have a fillibuster/cloture mechanism?
Yes.
Taiwan at least used to have this. IIRC, Japan also had it’s own version called the “ox walk”, where one legislature could take hours walking in tiny slow motion baby steps to get down to the vote.
In the late 1980’s, there was a legislator called Rambo Chun Kao-cheng, who used to start fist fights in the national legislative sessions (equivalent of congress) as a fillibuster tactic. 
From NYTimes: They call him Mr. Rambo. He roams the chambers of the nation’s legislature, smashing microphones, jumping on desks, and shouting at his 80-year-old antagonists and fellow lawmakers.
So far, the altercations have held up some bills, including one that would make opposition parties legal. ‘‘If they have fistfights every second, it will be difficult,’’ Mr. Ma said. '‘It’s been delayed and delayed already for six months. That is something our party cannot control - unless we train more karate experts.’
Can’t do it in Australia. There are time limits during debates, and you can also shut someone up with “I move that the speaker be no longer heard.” (Assuming the majority of the chamber agrees with you, which presumably they would in an attempted fillibuster.)
Someone tried the latter on the Prime Minister during question time a couple of weeks ago. Surprisingly (not really) the motion was decided in the negative and she was allowed to continue. Seems like a prickish act, ask someone a question and then move to stop her from answering it.
Edited to add: You can however slow things way down using procedural matters and insisting on a division to decide each one rather than accepting the Speaker’s assessment of the result from the voices. The example above is one way, but there are a ton of things which can theoretically lead to a time-consuming division.