Give me your best case defending the idea of the supernatural

X != X has nothing to do with anything I wrote, except as an application of the Quantifier axiom as the inferential truth bearer of arbitrary variable assignment. It is not a restatement of “actual existence does not account for all existence”, which was proved in the first proof. Twice. Once formally, and once in informal English.

A world is a set of statements, or a context with statements that are logical propositions. I gave you examples of possible worlds, necessary worlds, actual worlds, and impossible worlds with orange cats. Statements about the cat that are true in at least one world constitute a possible world. Statements about the cat that are true in every possible world constitute a necessary world. Statements about the cat that are true in no world constitute impossible worlds. And statements about the cat that are true in this world constitute an actual world.

Robert

If you’re interested, here, for your convenience, is a more detailed discussion from Stanford University about modal worlds and conditions on frames.

I don’t understand. What honest scientist would ever claim that there are no forces and things in existence that they are unaware of?

The problem, as I see it, is that even if we ignore for the moment the question of whether there is a meaningful distinction of existence called natural and supernatural (ignatural?), any given unknown phenomenon could be indeterminably either. There are plenty of things which were once utterly unknown, that now are included as whatever those classify as “natural.” Our understanding of even what everyone agrees we can call “natural” is severely limited. If there is something we don’t know, how can we classify it?

—“the compendium of phenomena that are NOT consistent with the lawlike conditions of interaction understood through the science of physics, or any presently conceivable elaboration thereof.” Nothing in (each of) those descriptions involves expressly mutually negating descriptors.—

What about the fact that if there exist things that do not follow what are known as the laws of physics, then those laws are thus falsified?
The ideal of physics is to explain “what exists”: how reality works. If you say that there exists a class of objects called “the supernatural” that the laws of physics fail to explain, then whatever we decide to call this category of things, physics is lacking, and its laws require some serious revision.

—Lib: That is necessary existence by definition.—

Wait… I missed a step in the train of thought. Your description went from talking about descriptive variables to the existence of things.

I was particularly confused by the wording of this last step: “For every variable, it is necessary that there does indeed exist some variable that is equivalent to some other variable.” The way I read that, it almost seems to say, for every X, there is a Y equivalent to Z. But what’s the connection between the X and the Y and its equivalence to Z? It’s like saying “for every skyscraper, there is an elephant that is equivalent to a pachyderm.” That can’t be what you’re saying, but after several “in other words” I still don’t get it.

Also, how does existing in all possible worlds mean that something exists outside of the actual world (doesn’t that just show that it exists in the actual world)? As far as I understand the concept of “actual existence” at least in the plain, non-technical way people use it (really exist, vs. don’t really exist), nothing can exist outside of it by definition. Supernatural things, whatever they are, if they exist, actualy(really) exist. Necessary existence is, to most people’s understanding, a special class of things that actually(really) exist: the actually existing things for which it is (for some reason?) not possible for them not to exist. I also don’t see how the technical definition of actual existence correlates to anyone’s normal usage of “natural” or necessary existence to “supernatural.” If necessary existence really is what most people seem to include in the class of things they call supernatural, then why would something that necessarily exists be, for instance, hard to detect (at the very least) by things that only actually exist? Why does it have that characteristic simply by being necessary? One would think that it would be easier to detect.

Here is the problem with something supernatural. You could assume that it exists, but that it cannot interact in any way with the material world. Then we would have not way of proving it’s existence or non-existence. It wouldn’t mater. If you did, however, prove that it exists, then it immediately becomes part of the “natural” world and ceases to be “supernatural”. You really can’t have it both ways.

Apos wrote:

"Fish discover water last."
One of my all time favorite quotes… wish I knew who to attribute.

Brilliant, Lib. Now all you have to do is show that “possible worlds” exist, and you’ll have proven the existence of God.

Of course, I’m sure Hell will freeze over and your attitude will improve before you manage that…

Even ignoring that point, you claim that everything not part of “actual existence” must be supernatural. This seems a rather limited understand of the natural world; should we consider the past and future to be inherently supernatural? (Should we consider the past and future to exist in the first place?)

I think the link to the discussion of actualism was a part of that, Vorlon.

I think I would take issue with this. In fact, though I still must admit I cannot take this argument forward (with resistance from Lib and Ramanujan to name two dopers who countered me), I feel this requirement will eventually lead one to the following scenario: what one means by a term is not what the term refers to.

For example: unicorn. Does this refer to a mental picture of a horse-like beast with a horn? But don’t we intend for it to refer to a horse-like beast with a horn, and not the mental picture of it? I guess this is just a problem of “non-existence”.

But, ERL, unicorns do exist – as concepts. That they have no physical existence as single-horned horse-like creatures is beside the point – everybody reading this thread has the same general mental image of “unicorn” as referent for the term. I can say “helium tetraiodide” and although it’s an impossible chemical, anyone with a basic knowledge of chemistry knows that I’m talking about HeI[sub]4[/sub], even though it doesn’t (and cannot in this universe) exist. -10 Kelvin is another example; there’s no such thing as a temperature below absolute zero, but we can easily speak of it.

Heinlein once made one of his characters comment that the problem with talking about God is that there is no commonly accepted referent for the different concepts people have about who God is. I’m quite confident that the mental image that Czarcasm has and rejects is quite different from the one that I believe in – and there are subtle differences between my imagery representing God and Joe Cool’s or Libertarian’s. Yet the three of us claim to believe in the same God.

“The map is not the territory.” Sometimes it’s even a map of Utopia or Erewhon. :dubious:

erislover: Acknowledged, but Lib needs to show it, not merely accept it as a given.

Polycarp: Precisely. It’s not that we have a clear defintion of God but we can’t determine whether or not the universe contains such a thing, it’s that we can’t even decide what it is we’re not sure exists.

Apos

Hopefully, you can appreciate the difficulty that is inherent when someone insists that you explain technical matters without technical vocabulary, which is what Robert had demanded of me. I always like using the formal proofs because then people can bother to study if they wish and come to a right understanding. I always dread when people demand that that is too much bother for them, and would I please use English analogies that do not reference formal concepts.

The inevitable result is misunderstanding and obfuscation. Even if I were a master of expository, which I certainly am not, I would likely be unable to fulfill the request to state in a few simple words what symbology and rigorous rules of inference have compacted into an already pristine state of brevity.

I used the term “variables” when anglicizing the popular S5 proof because I feared that rendering [symbol]f[/symbol] and [symbol]g[/symbol] as modalities of existence would raise the renewed protest that I and the philosophers at Stanford am selling snake oil. I can hunt down their treatment of the proof if you think it might help.

As for your remarks about necessity and possibility and so forth, it sounds to me like the view you take is similar to that of the actualists. Still, even they allow for certain abstract possible worlds. (If they didn’t, they would have no world in which to do their logical inferences.) But possibilists give good arguments against actualism. If you’d like to review all this for yourself, see Actualism.

With respect to the last step, it is merely saying that, for example, X may represent any existence in any possible world, and that is indeed the definition of necessary existence. For every X, it is necessary that there exists a Y, such that X = Y.

:eek:

I found Stanford’s informal treatment linked straight from the actualism page. Here it is. I have every confidence that their explanation, which is not restricted to a transliteration of the formal proof, will be better than mine.

:eek: :eek:

I found their formal proof as well! Here you go!

:slight_smile:

Lib, what I wanted was for you to present your argument in a more accessible form. Which you have done, thank you. And BTW, the Straight Dope survives on ignorance – if no one ever said “WTF does this mean?”, I don’t think there’d be a Straight Dope.

It is exactly the point with respect to what I believe Scott Dickerson is saying.

While I’ll agree this is true, that we have such a mental image, but I won’t agree that what we are intending to describe is a mental image, but rather a horse-like beast with one horn.

My mental image has no horn, it is the unicorn that has it.

What I fear, if I take your argument at face value, is that I stumble upon idealism again: in fact it doesn’t matter if anything exists, we are only talking about our respective mental pictures. But I don’t know… would you say this is true? Maybe you would. Hmm.

Here’s an interesting argument:

We would agree that Libertarian exists, yes? However, it seems odd to suggest that he must exist. Therefore, the lack of Lib must also exist.

If we accept his suggested definition of “exist”, then we’re forced to conclude that:

If something is impossible, it doesn’t exist.
If something is possible, it does exist, either in actuality or potential.

I would argue that this merely subordinates the concept of “existence” to “possibility”: we have no need of two words to describe what is essentially the same idea.

Therefore, I think we should reject Lib’s definition.

When I describe the construction of a small bridge for hotwheels car, I am describing a potential thing. Nothing about my description is forbidden.

Now I build it based off that description (which might, after all, be a highly detailed blueprint). Now it actually exists.

Compare an Escher print with my blueprint. Can you not see a qualitative difference? Do you not find that difference useful in everyday existence, nevermind in higher philosophical considerations?

Lib, if I may leap recklessly onto the rink, scattering the experienced skaters thereon with my graceless careening…

I struggle to see how this is different to merely positing “X (eg. God) exists”, full stop. This assertion seems to place unwarranted limitations on what is “possible” - why should there be such a statement? Surely, in an infinite number of worlds, God will exist in some of them and not in others? I fail to see why one need take the starting point this proof does, rather than the statement “God exists and, simultaneously, does not exist, in separate universes”. The whole fun is trying to work out which one we’re in! This “artificial” limitation of possible worlds appears to constitute the step of placing the “rabbit in the hat”, later to be unveiled as God’s actual existence.

Incidentally, Lib, in threads like these you might consider making it clear early just how Ockhamly far your worldview extends, ie. to the degree that “atoms are not real” and that the physical universe and all its theories are merely a “subset” of God. (Having said that, winkling that out of you was half the fun for me!)

I surely don’t think atoms exist in the same way I think this book or screwdriver exists… I think there is a set of instrumental behavior that we attribute to an imaginary unit called an “atom.” I dare say there is a history of mythology surrounding this “atom”, and it has been cited for being a part of just about every damn thing in the universe except light. I find such a claim easy to dismiss. I mean, I’ve never tasted, touched, smelled, seen, or heard an atom. What, am I just supopsed to believe because instruments we build a certain way act a certain way that there are atoms?

Isn’t that how we play the game?

Sentient

In alethic logic, the assertion “X exists” means that X exists in actuality, but not that X exists necessarily. A person who has firsthand knowledge that God exists has no problem positing that God exists in actuality. After all, KX implies X. The ontological proof is for the person without firsthand knowledge, a person whose epistemic relation is merely B, which is weaker than K. BX implies only BBX.

The notion that God might not exist in some world (given that He is the Supreme Being) is not plausible. Impossible worlds (worlds with no true statements) do not exist. Since God is definitively any true statement (an implication of existing necessarily: for every x, it is necessary that there exists some y such that x=y), God definitively exists in every possible world.

You speak of the world “we” are in, but we are not necessarily in the same world. If there are statements that are true in your world but false in mine, and vice-versa, then our worlds are not the same. You consider my world to be possible if and only if you recognize at least one statement in my world that is true. You consider my world to be actual if and only if we share the exact same true statements. You take your own world as actual axiomatically.

I believe that my views are strictly in accordance with Ockham’s Razor. They do not multiply entities beyond necessity. I assign reality to that which is eternal (the Spirit), not to that which is dying (the Atoms). That seems to me a reasonable assignment.

I agree, indeed that was what I was clumsily trying to express.

Surely, then, that is the bone on which we are all contending? We cannot take this thing’s Supremacy as read.

As always, I am open to reason. If an argument can be made that something might exist in more than every possible world, I will listen to it.

—Compare an Escher print with my blueprint. Can you not see a qualitative difference?—

Yes, but, jokingly, I’ll say “No” and point you here: http://www.lipsons.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/escher/ascending.html