In 2007, it happened in both conferences. The Cowboys won the NFC East, while the Giants and Redskins were the two NFC wild card teams. In the AFC, the Colts won the AFC South, while the Jaguars and Titans were the wild cards. I’m fairly certain it’s happened in other seasons, too, but I’m too lazy to look it up right now.
It’s common. I too am too lazy to research it, but I suspect that it’s been a reasonably frequent occurrence since realignment. Prior to realignment it was even more common.
Under the old alignment (3 divisions, 3 wild cards) there was a year when 4 teams in the NFC North made the playoffs. 1994, I think. Minnesota won the division and Green Bay, Detroit and Chicago all got wild cards.
In fact, I’m trying hard to come up with scenarios where the Ravens, Steelers, and Bengals don’t all get in. They all look to be 11-5 or 12-4 at season’s end. Everyone else already has 5 losses with 6 weeks to go.
The Bengals are 6-4, and will soon face teams who are currently 7-3 and 7-3 and 7-3. My beloved Jets are 5-5, just like the Titans and the Broncos and the Bills; all of 'em face fewer winning-record teams for the rest of the season. It shouldn’t be too hard to come up with a scenario.
I seem to recall that in New England’s very first Superbowl season (1984) they had to play both the Jets and Dolphins in the playoffs. Of course that was before realignment, but I could swear the AFC East has had it happen since then also.
Good memory (though it was the NFC Central back then). The Vikings were 10-6, and everyone else was 9-7. Not only did four NFC Central teams make the playoffs, but they all played each other in the first round of the playoffs.