Most of my trauma happened before the age of 18, and it was extensive. There was a lot of general instability due to a mentally ill mother (always a new guy, new house, new family, new school, until she met someone else, rinse repeat.) My mother had a violent temper and was egregiously emotionally abusive. There was repeated sexual abuse by two caregivers, one over the course of years, in which my mother was complicit, and some physical abuse that involved a lot of credible threats of grievous bodily harm or death. Then there was the whole debacle of leaving home at 17 and dealing the aftermath of abuse disclosure. That kind of dragged on into my twenties.
Closure? Well, it could be a lot worse. The worst part of my life ended around age 25 and things got steadily better with only a couple relapses. I do have PTSD and difficulty regulating my emotions, but I’m pretty empathetic, and I like people, and in many ways I am well-adjusted and successful. I have a BA and Master’s degree from two prestigious universities (but Jesus was that a lot of emotional labor.) I’ve been happily married in a stable, healthy relationship for 18 years, and now I have a son and I’m learning how to be a good Mom. In many ways I feel like I’ve had the best possible outcome. But it took a lot of work. I mean an incredible lot of work, and it is endless work. I accepted a long time ago that I would be sorting through this for the rest of my life, but every time I gain a new insight, my life gets better, so it is 100% worth it.
I try to define trauma the way it is described by the DSM-V: “actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence.”
I think it’s an overly narrow definition but I think current society’s definition is way too broad. I’m a fan of operationally defining things when we talk about them, particularly in how we interpret research about them (this is my husband’s influence.) I think the definition should maybe be expanded to include emotional abuse. Research bears out that emotional abuse is highly damaging, and while I’m not sure if the result has the exact same characteristics as PTSD, I mean - it sure does for me!
I wanted to mention that most people living on the planet have survived some kind of trauma. The issue is that most people who experience trauma don’t develop PTSD. Only about 13% of trauma survivors develop long-term PTSD. The likelihood of developing PTSD is highest if the trauma is sexual assault (I have my own theory for why), with relatively high rates for other events caused by another human inflicting harm, such as being physically assaulted. The risk is higher if it’s repeated trauma, and if the trauma occurs in captivity (POWs, childhood abuse, political prisoners, domestic violence.) If you were abused as a child, you have a higher chance of developing combat-related PTSD. One of the major factors that goes into whether or not a person will develop PTSD is how much social support they receive at the time of the trauma, what other things were going on at the time. Factors really outside of a person’s control.
Yet you will see many trauma survivors who didn’t have PTSD, look at other people struggling and say, “Well, I experienced that and I’m fine.” There are many potential reasons for different outcomes. If you experienced something horrible and are generally okay, that’s fine, it doesn’t mean that there is anything wrong with you or you need to dredge up the past. And if you are really falling apart, don’t be ashamed of that either. It’s all part of the spectrum of how humanity responds to trauma.
In my case, I had two major protective factors: my grandmother and my Aunt, both of whom loved me unconditionally from the day I was born, and my Aunt endured years of abuse from my mother just so I would have one person in my life I could count on. My Aunt now suffers PTSD from those years, a sacrifice she made for me. Who knows where I would be if not for them? I also had teachers who encouraged me because I was an excellent student. I can think of many positive role models throughout my life.
Some people have absolutely nobody.