My only other suggestion is to continue your appeal in person, not by email. I think there is a small chance you will get better results. It is very hard to make an emotional appeal by email. IMHO.
Excellent appeal, Nemo.
Laughing has a good point too. If you go to the trouble of actually showing up in front of him, it’s bound to work in your favor.
Nemo makes a good suggestion. Asking for clarification might give him a stroke, he sounds a bit wound up for a geography teacher. Maybe the sub would let you take the exam 
This is very good advice, but I would like to add one more thing. DO NOT EMAIL a professor, asking for a favor. Go see him/her. It’s harder for a professor to turn down a person rather than a faceless email. When you visit face-to-face, they are under pressure to come to a decision right then, rather than having time to sit there and think about the email. The more they think about it, the less chance you have. Also, some professors tend to be old-fashioned, they may think that if you didn’t care enough to come discuss your education in person, that it must not be that big a deal to you.
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And – a small point, perhaps, but I noticed it, so perhaps he would as well – make sure your grammar and composition in your e-mails is up to snuff. I refer specfically to “Is there any way I can still take it, I honestly did think the deadline was midnight
tonight!!!” This is an error.
Small thing, as I say, but it wouldn’t hurt to fix it.
Important points:
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Always in person. The more of a crisis it is, the more it should be handled in person.
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Feed in to what makes your teacher tick, not what it means for you. So the advice to step outside your own viewpoint is really good. He wants people to learn the material, pay attention, and treat him with respect. Understand that anything he offers to moderate your grade WILL mean more work for him. Make it worth it, or at least make it as much of a pain for you as for him (such as doing an extra assignment).
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Always start a negotiation with other solutions in mind. People will more often accept an alternative that you thought up for them than be willing to try to think up one on their own.
So, add to the in-person negotiation a variety of other ways to make up for your mistake, in an academic manner. Could be something like writing a short paper expanding on something in that section of work, do additional research, etc.
As much as it hurts to have to take a lower grade than you know you learned, you sometimes take the grade you get, and live.
I got hit with a similar situation in grad school. We were assigned a paper, and the professors (two, co-teaching) specified how they wanted the material presented. However, HALF THE CLASS misunderstood what they meant, and did it wrong. We all got failing grades. In grad school, that’s enough to cause heart failure - C is failing, pretty much, F is ‘how did you even get into this school in the first place?’ Plus, since that was about half our grade, failing meant not getting a B in the class, and a B was necessary to continue, and we all knew it. We argued (in person) that if half the class misunderstood, it was not just a random error, and they did let us re-write the papers (70 pages of rewrite, and people wonder where I got my writing practice…). (Ask if anyone else misunderstood the time… if not, you can say it is just your error, but if they did, then perhaps you can suggest a change for future classes?)
epeepunk (then my boyfriend) said exactly the right thing, and I’ll pass it on to you:
Even if you failed out of school right this minute, it would not change who you are as a person. Your future path might change as a result, but you would still be able to make it a good one. And in the grand scheme of things, one bad grade will not matter. Yes it hurts, but no, it isn’t as much of a crisis as it feels like right now.
That let me shake it off, and go on without feeling like a complete loser. 
And I’ll close with one of my step-dad’s sayings, which were framed on his office wall (he was a professor): “Well, now, a C is a mighty fine grade.” (He got a lot of people in fighting for grades…)
I strongly, strongly second Bricker’s suggestion. Emails, especially to professors and other such Important People should be written following all rules of grammar. They’re no less formal than a hand-written letter.
That said, the only thing to do is respectfully detail your excuse (in person) and cross your fingers for luck. It was your mistake.
[required “it happened to me” section]
Two semesters ago, I missed a final exam in my comparitive politics class. Because of a lack of attention on my part, and an odd coincidence between the real exam date and the class dates, I ended up standing in an empty lecture hall with four or five other students who’d made the same mistake I did.
We went to the professor and explained our mistake. Fortunately, he let us take an alternate exam.
Unfortunately, it was short and long answer rather than multiple choice. I wasn’t prepared for it and ended up with a C in the class. Still better than what my grade would have been otherwise.
[/required “it happened to me” section]