At least in my region of Tamaulipas (but I can say for sure in most of Mexico) and in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, that’s the tone sequence means “Chinga Tu Madre, Cabron!.”
As to why it came to be associated with that phrase, I have no idea. Still, it comes handy when someone cuts you off in the highway and the only thing left you can do is honk “dum-de-de-dum-dum . . . dum-dum.” Believe me, the other person will understand. 
XicanoreX