Embalming and the display of the dead all stem from changes in Western attitudes, especially American, in what constitutes a “good death.” The changes first started to occur during the American Civil War.
Embalming was important during the war because being able to bury the body was important for their concept of a good death. Up to and during the war the majority of Americans shared the idea of a “good death” being one in which the dying were surrounded by family and friends. The dying would confess their last sins and face death bravely. How he acted at the moment his death was seen as a final punctuation mark to his life. If the dying could face death with fortitude, calm, and grace, he could “erase at once all the sins of his life” or conversely, “cancel out all his good deeds if he gives way” to his fear.[1] There are still vestiges of this belief. For example, before someone dies it is said their life flashes before their eyes and their actions during this biography determined their eternal fate.[2] Because society believed that the dying’s actions at the moment of death determined the soul’s eternal destination, family and friends surrounded the dying not only to witness them entering into glory but to also offer spiritual encouragement and strength, and these actions would be used to determine the likelihood for reunion in the afterlife.[3] Therefore, if the dying acted brave during the hour of death, they would have been able to assure their families that they would be reunited in the afterlife for eternity. So, the return of the body was seen as vital for the families. And the family lived in when when they’re son was killed in Pennsylvania and they had money, embalming was required.
After the Civil War there was a wholesale shift in what constituted a good death and how people viewed dying. Due to a rise in national secularization, smaller families, and a growth in hospitals, people were no longer as worried about their own deaths as they were about the impact on others. As one historian called thy death, the biggest worry was keeping the dying in ignorance of their own mortality. In fact, it was the duty of family and friends to protect the dying from their own mortality.[4] I once did a google search for images under “good death” and this one popped up. The cartoon is one that is bright and happy and the dying hardly looks as if they are dying in the least. Everything is hidden. Because of this attempt to hide away death we have now moved onto the forbidden death, or the invisible, which explains this need to embalm our dead and slather them in make-up.
The invisible death allows us to pretend that death does not happen. In this thread about hated euphemisms a poster says they hate phrases like “passing on” and such because they hide the true meaning. That’s the point, though. That’s why there are phrases such as “he’s with Jesus” and “kicked the bucket.” When there is a death they say things like, “luckily it was quick” or make note to mention that the deceased “died in his sleep,” both of which illustrate how the dead could not have known they were to die. It’s easier for us to accept. Here’s a religious comic which discusses this use of euphemisms.
If we prefer dying to be invisible, of course we would want to funeral itself to try to mask death. The modern concept of embalming is to best mask the facade of death and try to present some semblance of life. “The impulse is always,” says historian Philippe Ariès, “to use the skills of the mortician to erase the signs of death, to make up the deceased until he looks almost alive.”[5] And then there’s grieving, but I’ve rambled enough already…
TLDR: We embalm to try and hide death due to a change in how death is viewed in the U.S.
[1] Philippe Ariès, Western Attitudes Toward Death: From the Middle Ages to the Present, trans. Patricia M. Ranum (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 37.
[2] Ariès, Western Attitudes Toward Death, 38.
[3] Drew Gilpin Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York, NY: Vintage Books, 2008), 10.
[4]Philippe Ariès, The Hour of Our Death: The Classic History of Western Attitudes Toward Death Over the Last One Thousand Years, (New York: NY, 1981), 562.
[5] Ariès, The Hour of Our Death, 599.