I’ve seen ads for gum that is supposed to whiten your teeth as you use it. I would imagine that this gum contains abrasives that polish the teeth as you chew it. But you chew mostly with your molars and wisdom teeth, not with the front surface of your teeth that is visible to other people. So how can this product actually work?
I’d put my money on the phosphate. Go look at a tube of toothpaste and see if it uses a similar chemical. Toothpastes generally use sodium flouride, though.