This^
I have experience both getting promoted and being the manager promoting, but strictly in engineering/scientific organizations, so take the following with that grain of salt.
Are you in a healthy organization with room for promotion? If there are promotion opportunities and the organization itself is healthy, then the question you are asking is appropriate. If the organization is stagnant or dysfunctional, then the appropriate question may be the one suggested earlier in the thread, “How do I get out of this job and into a better one?”
If there are opportunities and you aren’t getting a chance, then by all means, sit down with your manager and ask the question “What can I do to be a prime candidate for promotion?”
Don’t ask what you need to do to get promoted! No decent manager is ever going to promise a promotion “if you do x and y and z”.
Listen to your boss! Even if your boss sets out some criteria you think you meet, just listen and go off and reflect on why the boss doesn’t see that you already meet or exceed some or all of the criteria before going back with a case of your own.
Look around at who gets promoted and try to figure out what they are doing different than you. In a healthy organization, brown nosing is never the top reason for promotion, so spend some time on this,
Then figure out what you can change about yourself to be more aligned with promotability. For example, if you feel excluded from important conversations that would allow management to take notice of you, what can you do to be included? Is it the way you present yourself? Is it as simple as asking (nicely) to be included? Do you shine more in one on one interactions than groups? (then maybe don’t try to get into the group conversation but have some side conversations with key people).
There is a truism that to get promoted, you need to demonstrate that you can do the job you want to be promoted into. While not strictly true, showing that you have the capabilities and attitude necessary for the next level is important. Take opportunities for tasks that may be outside your normal job (and may require extra work) if they give you a chance to show some of the key attributes of the next level. I used to tell engineers that the key common attribute I looked for in considering promotions was leadership (not management) and that it didn’t have to be leadership with a capital L, just taking the opportunities to take the lead in team situation.
A final anecdote on “being included”. In 1990 I joined a new research organization. I was heavily recruited and given responsibility for managing a big (for research) program.
I was doing a good job (both my own assessment and feedback from management). But I noticed that when meetings with top management or important, high ranking customers happened, I was usually not invited to sit in. I could have complained, or stewed about it, but that’s not my nature.
I reflected on what I was doing or not doing that might explain what might not even be a conscious exclusion. As I thought back over the past month or so, I realized that the majority of my peers (and managers) that ended up in these meetings generally dressed every day in a coat and tie (hey, it was the early 90’s, that was the management culture). I also noticed that a lot of the important meetings I wasn’t invited to were meetings that just sprung up during the day. Again, I could have complained or stewed about the injustice of corporate culture over engineering excellence, but instead I went out and bought a couple of cheap sportscoats and ties, and started showing up at the office every day dressed in them. I started to get pulled into the meetings, where I could be part of the conversation and shine (I’m a smart cookie, it wasn’t hard).
I eventually became one of the guys that got tapped to be the sole representative of the research group in some of the meetings. While this didn’t lead directly to a promotion, it was a big factor in being a prime candidate the next time a promotion opportunity came along.
Bottom line: You can’t really change anyone but yourself. It may not be fair, but to rise, sometimes you need to make some changes, Sometimes the changes are trivial but important and you need to decide if they are worth it.