Is there a literary device or word to describe phrases such as patronizing patron or womanizing woman? I guess it’s technically alliteration, but I thought there may be something to describe specific phrases like those. Any help would be appreciated.
Tautology.
Biblical Hebrew is rife with similar verbal constructions: חלמתי חלום halamti halom ’ ‘I dreamed a dream’ and sentences like that.
I don’t think that fits what the OP is talking about. If (as at least one online dictionary states) a tautology is “the saying of the same thing twice in different words,” the OP’s examples are sort of the opposite of this: saying different things using the same words. A patron isn’t necessarily patronizing; a woman isn’t necessarily womanizing.
A sort of condensed parallelism, then?
Or—how about anaphora?
Or antanaclasis or epizeuxis? Or something like diaphora.
Never mind—I have it: polyptoton.
Something quite similar to polyptoton is—it turns out—the name for the Hebrew thing where the direct object matches the verb: cognate object.