Little-known American history

Divided families in U.S. History:

Benjamin Franklin’s only son, William, was a devoutly pro-English Tory and the Royal Governor of New Jersey for the first year of the American Revolution. Franklin never forgave him and disinherited him (from a very large estate) in his will.

Robert E. Lee’s favorite sister was an abolitionist who lived in Maryland. Her husband and her sons fought for the Union. She and Robert remained close and continued to exchange letters throughout the war (though they could not see each other for obvious reasons).

Stonewall Jackson (who was brilliant but a total nutjob- did not believe in sitting down among other things, and his students once tried to kill him) lived in a house that was half-owned by his sister (they inherited it from an uncle). She was an abolitionist and pro-Union throughout the war even though her husband was a Confederate and she moved in with her brother’s family when her own farm was badly damaged in the war. When she and her brother were in the house at the same time they communicated only with notes passed by Stonewall’s wife.

George Washington’s closest friend,

oops

George Washington’s closest friend, to whom he was much closer than he was to his brothers, was George William Fairfax, who like Franklin’s son was a devout Tory. He moved to England during the war but he and George remained friends until Fairfax’s death. (Some gossipy historians believe Washington may have had an adulterous relationship with his friend’s wife, Sally Fairfax- from his correspondence it is clear he was smitten with her, but no evidence exists it went beyond writing.)

Mary Todd Lincoln’s brothers and half-brothers were all Confederates. When one of her half-brothers was killed in battle, she expressed pleasure at the notion. Her son Robert Todd wanted to join the Union Army but his parents would not hear of it- they sent him to Harvard instead, which caused a lot of bad press for Lincoln (who was one of the least popular presidents until his assassination). Robert Todd later served as an assistant to U.S. Grant in the last days of the war, but Lincoln saw to it that his position was very cushy. (The Lincolns were devastated over the loss of their son Willie- Mary Todd held seances in the White House throughout the war to communicate with him, and Lincoln once considered having the boy’s body exhumed so he could look once more at his face.)

Assorted Lincoln trivia:

Lincoln was extremely embarrassed by the fact his mother was illegitimate. (My father believed Lincoln’s maternal grandfather was Jefferson Davis’s father, but I digress.)

Lincoln died in a bed that had probably been slept in by John Wilkes Booth. Petersen’s boarding house was a popular lodging for actors at Ford’s Theater and Booth is known to have used it several times when playing D.C…

Lincoln was named for his grandfather, Abraham Lincoln, who was murdered by Indians in 1784. The murder was witnessed by his son Tom (Lincoln’s father).

Lincoln has no descendants (the line ended with his great-grandchildren and none of his siblings had children), but one of his closest living relatives is Camille Hanks Cosby, wife of Bill Cosby (red dress). Her father was biracial and a descendant of Lincoln’s uncle. Tom Hanks is also a relative, though a bit more distant.

Lincoln’s dreams of his assassination are famously recorded, but he also had a recurring nightmare that he was adrift in a rowboat without oars.

Lincoln suffered from what would today be diagnosed in an instant as clinical depression. At least three times in his life (all before he was president) he was unable to work or leave his house due to his depression, and may have been suicidal (biographers differ as to the reliability of the accounts that he was). During one of these periods he broke his engagement to Mary Todd very soon before the wedding day (accounts that he left her at the altar on their wedding day are embellished), and the couple did not speak for two years, after which they began courting again and had a very quiet, small, and almost impromptu wedding unlike the major event that had been planned during their first engagement.

Lincoln loved cats and had at least four while he was president.

Lincoln’s two live-in male secretaries, John Hay and John G. Nicolay, had to share a single bed in a former coat closet due to a lack of space at the White House (the Oval Office/West Wing did not exist until Teddy Roosevelt). Lest any Brokeback Typing Pool rumors begin, Nicolay and Hay were both notorious womanizers.

At the time of Lincoln’s presidency, civilians wanting to see the president were allowed to come into the White House and wait outside of his office. If he had time he would see them, no appointment necessary, and he saw hundreds if not thousands of petitioners this way while president. Security was so lax that while John Wilkes Booth was entering Lincoln’s box, Lincoln’s bodyguard was getting drunk at a bar next door to the theater; the guard was never reprimanded for this infraction.

Lincoln was a Shakespeare enthusiast and was said to have committed most of Richard III and MacBeth to memory.

Officers tried to keep the White House from receiving any appeals for clemency from soldiers condemned to die for desertion or cowardice, because Lincoln pardoned every one that he received, saying that if somebody is shooting at you then to turn and run away is a quite natural reaction. (Ironically Confederate officers had a similar problem- Davis, an arrogant bastard in most regards, was a total soft touch when it came to pardoning deserters [so long as they agreed to be re-inducted].)

On the day he died, Lincoln had announced his plans to visit Jerusalem when he was no longer president.

There is speculation that had Lincoln not been shot he would have died soon from Marfan Syndrome.

My favorite quote about Lincoln is by Sarah Vowell from her [excellent] book Assassination Vacation: “Like Lincoln, I would like to believe the ballot is stronger than the bullet. Then again, he said that before he got shot.”

What, they still had regular mail service between the two sides? I’d hate to be the mailman who had to cross the border.

The last I’d heard, the Marfan’s-syndrome theory had been dismissed, although it seems to go back and forth.

I’ve just learned about the Olive Banch Petition from this thread:

I’m afraid that’s definitely incorrect. Franklin was the key figure in getting recognition of America from France, as well as a great many loans. He was, however, spied on constantly and failed to take security measures (he was in his semi-crotchety semi-good-natured old man phase and kinda did whatever he felt like).

There were two [del]battles[/del] actions in Arizona, neither of which amounted to much.

Stanwix station, where a vangard of California cavalry caught a small Confederate detachment burning hay intended for the California Column at the station. Bullets ensued but only one Union trooper was wounded on either side.

Warned of the approaching column, the Confederate commander in what is now Tucson set out pickets and two weeks later, twelve Union troopers under one Lt. Barnett bumped into ten Confederate pickets and the Battle of Picacho Pass was the result. Three Union troops, including the Lieutenant, were killed; there were no known Confederate casualties. It is considered the western-most battle of the Civil War on the strength of the casualties, not the number of participants.

[QUOTE=Lumpy]
The Civil War alone offers scores of anecdotes. To name only a few:[ul][li]Early in the war, based on a strategic theory widespread at the time, most people believed that the war would be a largely bloodless contest of maneuver and counter-maneuver.[]The introduction of breechloading and repeating arms was slowed by generals who feared that they would only encourage infantry to waste ammo.[]A leading general of the Union, Joseph McClellan, routinely believed that Lee’s army outnumbered his 2-1, even though the reverse was actually true.[/ul][/li][/QUOTE]

During genealogy research of my Civil War ancestor, I discovered he was captured at Bull Run. I searched in vain for record of him being incarcerated at some infamous southern POW camp and then stumbled upon a site that described how prisoners were often treated. As it turns out, there was really no provision for holding large numbers of prisoners, particularly low-ranking ones. The practice was to release the prisoner after extracting a promise that he would not return to battle for six months. If recaptured during that period, he would be put to death immediately. My great grandfather spent his POW time living with a family in Ohio, attending socials and flirting with the local girls. I discovered a letter written by him to his mates at the front.

It was also common practice to exchange prisoners, and there was an accepted exchange rate (which I’ve seen on the 'net); so many privates for one general, etc.

Though Ulysses S. Grant will forever be known as the commanding general whose victories in the Civil War (or, as my kin have it, The War of Northern Aggression :wink: ) led to the abolishment of slavery in America, he himself was a slaveowner as late as 1859 (cite).

The United States Army briefly experimented with camels as a means of transportation in the southwestern United States.

And it wasn’t a bad idea at all- it gets kind of a bad rub. (Jefferson Davis deserves most bad things you can say about him, but he was an excellent Secretary of War, and this was one of his innovations.) The main reasons it failed was a lack of preparation for their care/maintenance and the fact some of the soldiers and officers out west where the animals were sent just flatly refused to try and accomodate the beasties.

Two pieces of interesting trivia about the camel corps:

Plutarco Elias Calles, president of Mexico from 1924-28 and one of that country’s most important political figures of the 20th century, was the son of Eli Kalease, a Syrian Christian who was brought to the U.S. as a camel handler with the corps and remained in California and Mexico when the project failed.

The Tale of the Red Ghost, famous folklore with probably at least a bit of truth mixed in out west. (Supposedly some of the camels went feral and produced descendants who were allegedly still running wild in the mid 20th century.)

Mickey Mouse gas masks for children in WWII. For those times when a rag soaked in piss just isn’t good enough for your little angels.

Not regular mail service (although that was very different at the time anyway- postmen didn’t come to your house, you went to them), but couriers did deliver mail when possible. Millions of southerners and northerners had close relatives and friends across the border. It was relatively easy for a civilian to cross into enemy territory (whatever that was) in open daylight so long as, obviously, there was no battle going on or major army movement you could conceivably be spying on.

Mary Surratt’s tavern in Surrattsville, Maryland (not her boarding house that’s now a Chinese buffet in D.C.) acted as a post office for both the CSA and the USA during the war- simultaneously. She did not run it but leased it to a friend who did. While I don’t believe Mary Surratt deserved to be hanged (neither did the judges who sentenced her to hang- they asked for clemency after the sentence), she probably was more than just the mother of a conspirator- she was almost certainly involved in passing messages along and there is suspicion that the P.O. at her Maryland tavern was a definite intelligence/counterintelligence clearinghouse where mail “of interest” may have been read before being delivered. Booth stopped at the place on the night he killed Lincoln to pick up rifles and whiskey, yet amazingly the man who leased the place and gave him the supplies wasn’t sent to prison or even, to my knowledge, indicted.

Speaking of gasmasks…

The same people who pushed various fallout shelters and other nuclear war survival snake-oil during the Cold War, manufactured and sold gasmasks for pets as well as for humans.
(Note to self: I have to see if the old canine gas mask my father had for some reason is still in the basement next time I go there. I wouldn’t be surprised if I could eBay it…)

And, interestingly enough but entirely unrelated to history: Sarah Vowell was the voice of Violet in Pixar’s The Incredibles.

The Maryland Toleration Act is bandied about in American History classes as an early example of the Colonial tradition of Religious Freedom. What they basically said was that freedom of religion was guaranteed, so long as a person were a Christian. Granted that’s a huge step from what was going on in England, but… allowed for all sorts of legal discrimination to remain.

What I’ve never seen mentioned in any general American History classes was that the Act was repealed long before the Revolutionary period. (I can’t find a cite for that, specifically, but this site about the Maryland Act of Toleration says, "Despite Baltimore’s Catholic background and his desire to use Maryland as a refuge for Catholics persecuted elsewhere, the Catholic Church never became the established church. In the eighteenth century this distinction was given to the Church of England. ")

There were also tonics and elixirs sold to protect you from the ill effects of Halley’s Comet as well.

Speaking of which, the 1910 return of Halley’s Comet was a classic example of people taking a little scientific knowledge, or more accurately - recent scientific discoveries, and then running with the information without ever actually understanding the data.

1910 was the first time that spectroscopic analysis of cometary tails was a feasable technique for Halley’s Comet. Among other discoveries was that the tail was full of all sorts of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen compounds. Generally fairly simple ones, but a whole passle of different compounds. Now, no one really was going to get excited by the presence of water or hydroxyl radicals, but then it was announced that various cyanitic compounds and ions were identified.

This information was combined with the knowledge that comets used to be known as disasters, literally bad stars. Now, the Greeks gave that name to cometary phenomena because their understanding of the heavens was that there were two kinds of celestial bodies: stars, which were eternal and unmoving, and planets, which were constantly moving, but in limited numbers, and no more were going to show up. Comets didn’t fit either group - they appeared, grew brighter, and then faded, all the while moving across the stars. I don’t know when it became popular to blame disasters for terrestrial catastrophes, but by the Middle Ages the tradition was firmly in place.

So these people, and some of them the scientists who were noting the presence of these cyanitic compounds, started to consider the possibility that cometary gases, esp. cyanide, was responsibile for the historical claims that comets brought sickness and death in their wake.

Then the snake-oil salesmen got involved. Esp. when the papers were talking about how one might identify cyanide, in case the comet brought it to Earth.

AIUI, even though the scientists generally knew better in 1974, this whole thing, with the snake-oil types, and even nominally serious scientists, repeated with the arrival of Kohoutek .

This leads to another interesting bit of history: She probably wasn’t happy to see them die (although with Mary Todd, you never know.) However, her close relationship to prominent Confederates rendered her unwelcome among many Republican circles. She publicly became an extremely loyal daughter of the Union to compensate and avoid attacks on her husband.

In addition, Samuel Chase’s daughter (who was to marry famously during the war, only to have her husband turn out to be a slimeball and die penniless) treated Mary Todd like dirt because Mrs. Lincoln was from the relative frontier state of Kentucky. Short version: Mary Todd spent flagrantly to upgrade the shabby White House, became a particularly elegant and refined lady, and really, really came to hate Washington society snobs.

The first major Civial War battle, First Bull Run, was fought on the farm of Wilmer McLean. Seeking to protect his family from the war, they moved soon after.

The truce that ended the war was signed in Appomattox. In Wilmer McLean’s parlor.