Oh, and I forgot to answer Spectre’s question about “work rules”.
Work rules are constantly a battleground - the company wants to be able to work the employees harder, while the union tries to get the best deal for the employees.
As an example for pilots - we have things called “trip rig” and “duty rig”. These are minimum numbers of hours that you must get paid over the course of a day of duty or over an entire trip.
First - as pilots we only get paid for the time that the aircraft is away from the gate. Preflight, postflight are uncompensated. So we get paid by the flight hour, and the FAA says that we can only fly 100 hours a months. Most major airlines have work rules that have some number lower than 100 as the maximum - at my airline it’s 83 hours a month. Flying less hours per month means more days off, and more pilots. Good for us, bad for the company.
So the company says fine - you want to fly 80 hours? Well, we’ll send you out on a trip and only fly you 3 hours per day. You’ll fly three hours, spend the night in a hotel, fly two hours the next day, and four hours the next day. You are gone for three days and get paid for 9 hours. In this case, you have to work for 26 days to get paid for 80 hours. So the pilots say NO - if we are flying, you must either fly us or PAY us for a minimum of five hours per day. This not only ensures that you don’t spend all of your time in hotel rooms, but it makes the company use you efficiently. With a five-hour per day minimum, those 80 hours of pay come in after 16 days of work. Much better.
When companies talk of getting “work rule concessions” they are talking about things like this. Change the daily minimum pay from five hours to four hours, and you can have pilots on the road longer, or sitting around the airport for hours on end waiting for their next flight (in effect being the “on-call” crew for cancellations). You need fewer pilots to staff the airline, which reduces your costs.
Other things that can be changed are vacation (reduce the number of hours per/day that each vacation day pays), sick time available (reduce accrual rate and/or put a maximum cap on the amount you can accrue) and per diem rates (the amount you are paid while away from your home base).
Hope this helps (for anyone who actually read the whole thing!)
Now I really AM going to not think about the airline industry for the rest of the day!