A successful speech always contains certain specific elements, whether it’s mostly political as all Presidential speeches must be, or persuasive as trial closings or project proposals, or humorous as Leno strives so effortfully toward in his monologues. A speech must have a clearly understood and enunciated Purpose. This is the thing that has brought the speaker there or compelled the assembly. It must have a Theme; what is the emotion, ideal or vision that underlies the single Message of the speech. And it must deliver that Message effectively, whether it is subtextual or explicit, delivered through suggestion and innuendo or bold directness.
A good speech contains those elements and has a consistency of tone and pace. A good speaker moderates his speech to match the ebb and flow of feeling in the text of the speech, but a good speech should be successful in plain text as well.
A great speech does all that and captures something essential about time & place, satisfies emotionally as well as intellectually, crystallizes the Message into a bright lined Idea the listener or reader is brought to with inescapable internal logic.
Brevity is no absolute measuring stick for the quality of a speech. At the Gettysburg dedication, Lincoln perfectly summarized both message and theme in a few scant paragraphs, while repurposing the speech from a memorial to the fallen into a dedication toward the greater ideal for which they fell. No one, in my opinion, has ever done it better, but the speech is great not because of its abbreviation of Theme, but because of the clarity and force of the Message. Lincoln distilled his thinking into a lens through which the entire conflict, and the decades leading to it from the very founding of the nation can be viewed. That is the achievement which makes the Gettysburg Address an enduring marvel.
That sort of intellectual distillation is lovely, useful and proper – and completely useless as persuasion. Dr. King’s “dream” speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, and his “mountaintop” speech in Memphis show a great speaker developing his theme more carefully, taking the listener through familiar allegorical territory to deliver him, thirsty and desirous, to an unfamiliar wellspring of hope. It’s a conclusion not yet achieved in the real world but perfectly rendered, justified and imagined in the speech in a way that still works the sensibilities of later beneficiaries of a world much closer to the one imagined by King. The wordcount is irrelevant. The emotional intelligence of these speeches continues to surprise and inform us, and makes these speeches lasting achievements as well.
Obama’s race speech in Philadelphia has been mentioned. If you don’t remember the context of the speech, you should read the text, as it is spelled out for you without embellishment. This is a campaign speech that has the same relationship to a stump speech as grits and gravy has to beef bourguignon. Here is a black politician, campaigning to be elected as the leader of a country that had never by popular vote allowed one of his ‘race’ within the chain of succession for that office. The speech is delivered before the Democratic nominating convention in Denver and after he has been criticized not only by the opposing party but by rivals in his own party for his association – as a congregant – with a black minister accused of sowing racial divisiveness.
I invite any critique of this speech, either text or performance, as an example of the ‘ordinariness’ of Obama’s rhetorical abilities. This speech is to mundane rhetoric, IMO, as this is to this.