What are paraparticles, and what are their chemical and physical properties?
What are p- and q- particles, and their chemical and physical properties?
What is positronium and its chemical and physical properties? Is it related to neutronium? Is it an isotope of neutronium? What is parapositronium?
Does negatronium exists?
What is paramagnetism and paragravity, and how do they work?
What other para-entities are there?
I have never heard of paraparticles, p- and q- particles, parapositronium, negatronium, or paragravity.
Positronium, though, I can describe. Positronium is an “atom” (to use the term loosely) consisting of an electron and a positron (otherwise known as an anti-electron) bound to each other, much as a hydrogen atom is an electron and a proton bound together. Positronium is very short-lived, as the electron and positron which make it up have a tendancy to annihilate each other. But while it lasts, it behaves similarly to hydrogen. The biggest differences are that since the two particles in positronium are the same mass, all of the lines in the spectrum of positronium will be at half the frequency they’re at in hydrogen, and the whole atom will be much lighter than a hydrogen atom.
Positronium is not particularly related to neutronium, which is a form of matter consisting primarily of neutrons bound gravitationally together. Since gravity is so weak, you need a whole star’s worth of matter to hold neutronium together, this being a neutron star. Assuming that you do have a whole neutron star, neutronium is completely stable, and electromagnetic forces in it are almost negligible, since neutrons are electrically neutral.
Paramagnetism is one of the three types of interactions of a material with a magnetic field. Like the more familiar ferromagnetic materials (such as iron), a paramagnetic material is attracted to a magnet. The chief difference is that a paramagnet reacts only to whatever magnetic field is present right now, whereas a ferromagnet will remember what fields it was in before, and retain a trace magnetization. Paramagnetism is also typically much weaker than ferromagnetism.
And the only other para-entity I can think of off the top of my head are paratroopers, but I don’t think they’re relevant at all to any of your other questions.
Paraparticles are ones that obey parastatistics. For the most part, these are thus hypothetical particles that are studied as an example of what’s conceptually possible in quantum mechanics.
The only real connection with paramagnetism is etymological, from the Greek para- meaning beyond. (Paratrooper seems to have a different origin.)
And to add to Chronos’s explanation of positronium, the electron and positron that make it up have a property known as spin. The properties of quantum mechanical spin are such that in an “atom” of positronium these two spins are either aligned in the same direction or in opposite directions. Positronium therefore comes in two types depending on which case it is. If the spins are opposed it’s called parapositronium, if not it’s orthopositronium. These then have slightly different properties.
(In this case, it’s presumably from para- meaning contrary.)
Regarding wave/particle duality: An electron and a positron annihilate each other when they collide. What if the particles are considered in their wave forms? Don’t the probability waves of the particles always interact, since there is non-zero probability of their existance out to infinity? Is this an unanswered quantum mechanical question that I’ve just never heard of before? Is there some threshold probability that would cause the matter/antimatter waves to interact to produce annihilation of the particles/waves?
The big problem with parastatistics is it plays absolute hell with second quantization, as far as I can tell. Of course, like any good mathematician I came up with the idea myself the first time I figured out where “statistics” come from, but quickly dismissed it because the only two representations of S[sub]n/sub] that exist for all n and commute with all the natural embeddings are the trivial and sign representations. Basically, you’d suddenly getting a whole lot more complicated than seems at all necessary to explain the fields we observe.
Hello. If positronium yeilds gamma rays, what kind of energy does neutronium release?
What are the chemical and physical properties of electronium?
What are parachemicals?
Neutronium does not generally release any energy, since it’s stable. Neutron stars (the only place in the Universe where neutronium is found) have very violent origins, and therefore start off very hot. So for a while, they’ll produce light via incandescence, the same method by which a light bulb produces visible light or a human body produces infrared. The only difference is that since a young neutron star is much hotter than a light bulb or a body, it produces primarily X-rays rather than visible or infrared light. But once a neutron star eventually cools down, it’ll just sit there and not radiate anything.
Electronium is another term with which I am unfamiliar. The simplest guess would be that it refers to any substance containing electrons, but that’s pretty much all of them. I am likewise unfamiliar with parachemicals: The term might have some meaning in chemistry, but if so, it’s almost certainly completely unrelated to paraparticles, paramagnetism, or any of the other physics phenomena you’re asking about.
It might help us to answer your questions if we knew why you were wondering. Are you seeing these terms used in a book, or on a webpage somewhere? If so, could you tell us what the source is? That way, we could put our answers into some sort of context.