past and present tense in academic writing

When do you refer to what is reported in a…well…report or article as past or present tense? Are the activities of Einsteing in the past, but the findings state in a report referred to in the present? I see advice that says that data in tables should be stated in the present tense (“Table 1 in the study lists…”) but others seem to make blanket statements about using past tense in general.

Here’s an example:

"The latest Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART) appraisal by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) lists the Food Stamp Program as “moderately effective.” "

I try to use the present tense in my papers, since mathematical truths are eternal. For example, I would have to say, “Euclid showed unique prime factorization” but, “Integers have unique prime factorization, as shown by Euclid”. I think I am in the minority, however. I also use “I” rather than “we” when possible. (“We” if there are coauthors of course, but also if I feel that I am talking about my readers and me collectively.) That goes very much against usual academic style, but I don’t care. It helps that I am the TeX editor of the journal where I publish most of my papers, so I get the last word. But I make no attempt to enforce my views on other authors.

So what is the “usual accademic style” or “majority”? I assume the former is what I was taught in English class: to avoid use of the first person, but what is the latter? Past tense all the time, present tense all the time, or something else?

Use present tense.

  • a grad student

Us what I call the soporific mode. Lots of passives (no subject pronoun needed), very long and convoluted sentences, in math, never use words if you can do it with formulas, oh, I can’t think of all the ways. But I think there is a strong tendency to use past tense, especially the compound past (mistakenly called the perfect, although it is actually mostly imperfective). Oh and heavy on semicolons and parenthetical clauses (which I am guilty of.)

I think that’s the present participle (unless it’s the gerund).