Indeed: with limited vocabulary, context is everything.
Our (late) cat Josephine had a word that went “Prrr-eow?”. It best translates into English as “Please?”
When said while looking at the door, it meant please let me out. When said while looking at her bowl it meant please feed me. When said while looking at your lap it meant may I sit in your lap (and in later years, pleas pick me up because I am too old to jump up there).
The weird part was when she started making a noise for “thank you”.
On a related note, why does a cat want to rub his head on your hand? I have two cats, a male and a female; the female not so much but the male constantly. I suspect it may have to do with marking you with his scent.
When we took in my late father’s elderly siamese she took to constant, loud vocalizing that seemed to mean, “I don’t like this wallpaper/paint!” There was talk of renting her out to remodelers. She has been gone a couple years, I think I finally have the ptsd under control.
Yeah, that’s affection. Cats have scent glands all over the head, but a lot of that rubbing/marking is affection as well - they are reinforcing social bonds by spreading their scent and if you were a cat you’d be returning the favor simultaneously. But head butts are pretty much just an affectionate gesture, not scent-marking.
When I first got my second kitten from the humane society to keep the first company ( who was a whirlwind that needed a playmate to save my sanity ), I wasn’t sure how much he’d warm up to me. He was a more than usually standoffish kitten, not unfriendly so much as indifferent ( he’s so blasé he falls asleep in the scale at the vet office and they used to use him to “cat test” new dogs at the shelter ). But on the third day I had him he gave me a friendly little head butt and I knew that wasn’t going to be a worry. He’s turned out to be very affectionate - but only towards me and his adopted sibling, he’ still supremely indifferent to most others.