Should animals have rights?

If it is justifiable to compare a human and an animal because they both exhibit similar responses to pain then it must also be justifiable to compare an animal to a computer programme if they both exhibit the same response to pain.

This is really a very simple extension of modus ponens. If A implies B then where we have A we should have B. If “humanlike response” implies “humanlike pain” then where we have a humanlike response we should also have humanlike pain. A computer shows a humanlike response, therefore implying that a computer has humanlike pain.

Clearly nonsensical and thus using basic Socratic reasoning your original assertion is falsified. The exhibition of humanlike response in a bull stuck with a pin can not be used to imply the bull experiencing pain in a humanlike way. Yet that is exactly what you did.

It’s logically invalid to do what you did.

The best neuroscience tells us that fish, for example, don’t feel pain and can’t feel pain (op cit). Clearly there has never been any evolutionary advantage in fish feeling pain. In reality you have the question arse about. The real question is “What would be the evolutionary advantage in them feeling pain?”

A human has opposable thumbs, a close supportive social network, an ability to engage in healing behaviour, an ability to forego food gathering in order to allow for healing and so forth. All those things make pain and the subsequent immobilisation practical and evolutionarily beneficial. Animals lack some or all of those things.

Under circumstances where an animal has no capacity whatsoever to do anything about an injury no matter how painful, what is the evolutionary advantage in them feeling any pain whatsoever? Now if an animal has only a limited ability to do anything about pain then what is the point of having anything but a limited ability to feel pain?

No, it is not even remotely similar. Is your TV screaming in response to a stimulus that would make a human scream? Does it scream when you physically damage it, and only when you physically damage it?

If not then the example is absolute bollocks. Far from being “exactly the same” it is not even remotely similar.

No. Are you suggesting that the percentages of people who have killed themselves to avoid torture equal the percentages that have killed themselves to avoid depression? If not then what is your point?

Would you care to actually answer my question? Has anyone ever killed themselves to avoid torture (as opposed to being forced to reveal under torture?

If not then your whole point is clearly false.

The problem with this it makes the rest of your argument logically incoherent. You are saying that an emotional state and emotional pain can induce behaviour that is objectively indistinguishable from behaviour that can be associated with extreme physical pain. Conversely extreme physical pain can induce behaviour that is at odds with any expected reaction to physical pain.

If an animal responds to stimulus with an attempt to flee or suicide then that is seen as evidence that it feels pain and seeks to avoid it. When a human responds to the exact same stimulus with an attempt to survive and follow the perpetrator that is seen as evidence that it feels pain and wants revenge.

So what you are saying is that your position predicts everything. As a result it is logically worthless. There is no possible response, beyond perhaps tapdancing, that can’t be predicted by this viewpoint. As such what possible insights can you hope to gain by introducing animal examples?

Good. I never asked for one.

I did ask for a cite for that ridiculous claim that our pain felt at death is somehow 'primitive. And you are totally unable to provide one. So we can discount that statement and consider the argument you derive form it to be totally worthless since it lascks any basis whatsoever aside form your assertions.

No society has ever believed that men and women should have the same rights. Even in western societies women didn’t have the most basic right to vote and own property until very, very recently. Even today women do not have the right t serve in frontline combat, nor do they have that responsibility. Women don’t have the right to walk down the street with bare chests. Men can not enter female restrooms and vice versa. And of course there are a range of other sex differentiated rights.

So any argument based on a claim that men an women have the same rights is nonsense. To the extent that men and women can be distinguished they do have different rights and that is how the vast majority of people believe that it should be. If you believe that men and women should have exactly the same rights then you are in a very distinct minority even in the US. IN terms of world population I suspect you constitute less than one in a million.

Strawman. I have never made any such claim.

And how did you settle on that particular moral system? What necessity, or principle forced you to settle on that system and not another?

The problem is that saying that you selected a moral school with certain principles is just post hoc reasoning. You found a school that you liked and settled on it, but it was never necessary for you to do so. You did so out of personal preference.

And if you walked into a Klan meeting and said that claimed that it was moral intuition that all Blacks shouldn’t be locked up you would be beaten black and blue.

So what? What does mob justice have to do with reasoned debate precisely?

And how did you decide on that position? What necessity or supreme guiding principle forced you to adopt that mortal position and not the far more popular moral position that it should be based on the words of a holy man?

Of course there was no necessity or guiding principle. It was simple a personal choice, a whim. It was arbitrary. An arbitrary moral choice.

You know no matter how many words you throw in there, your argument is still ridiculous, and I might add, doesn’t even seem to be responding to what I was saying.

If we must talk about this in the terms of logic, then when we are saying A implies B, we are only talking about the set of life, evolved through random chance, not something that is deliberately designed to mimic something.

Huh?

So you’re saying that using an electronic entertainment device is not a remotely similar situation to what happens to an animial pain.

Excuse me, but what that wasn’t I was trying to claim?

Well actually, if this thread has taught me anything, it is that the subject of whether fish feel pain or not is somewhat contraversial (see the BBC news article lying around).

You are right.

As to answer it: more or less the same advantage it causes in us, of course.

You’re saying we only developed pain when we developed opposable thumbs? :slight_smile:

The main use of pain surely is to teach us not to do something again ? (not touch the hot stove, or whatever)

And often, yes, it might be counterproductive - but its counterproductive in us a lot of the time too.

That would be a better argument, at the very least.

My point is that your argument tells us little if anything about the nature of pain.

What exactly would be the point in killing yourself if you knew you were going to give into the torturers demands anyway?

What is false here, is that I was not the one to link suicide to pain. You did. On this particular subissue I’ve got no real point to make, becasue I’m not at all convinced that the two are related.

[quote]
The problem with this it makes the rest of your argument logically incoherent. You are saying that an emotional state and emotional pain can induce behaviour that is objectively indistinguishable from behaviour that can be associated with extreme physical pain. Conversely extreme physical pain can induce behaviour that is at odds with any expected reaction to physical pain.

If an animal responds to stimulus with an attempt to flee or suicide then that is seen as evidence that it feels pain and seeks to avoid it. When a human responds to the exact same stimulus with an attempt to survive and follow the perpetrator that is seen as evidence that it feels pain and wants revenge.

So what you are saying is that your position predicts everything. As a result it is logically worthless. There is no possible response, beyond perhaps tapdancing, that can’t be predicted by this viewpoint. As such what possible insights can you hope to gain by introducing animal examples?

Death is a basic, fundamental fact about life. A lot more than my choice of car. I seem to experience a lot more intense feelings about the former than the latter. That was my point. Do you disagree with it?

Presumably we can see the same for you, seeing as I’m not seeing any cites forthcoming?

Fine - its not a particularly clear example (what we’re really talking about is a right to avoid pain, rather than rights in general - which is why the right to walk topless down the street is somewhat irrelevant to the matter at hand) but in the interests of clarity, and only arguing on what important: consider the example withdrawn and replaced by between different races of human.

Well, that’s good to know at any rate.

I apologise - I may have mistaken you for other contributors to this thread, who have made this point several times.

Because you seem to be denying any standard of morality exists, which y’know, some people get upset about and all.

Leaving aside the small matter that you seem to have disregarded all ethical thought and discussion of oh - let’s say - the last few thousand years -

What the HELL would not be arbitary for you? And I don’t mean just in terms of morality - I mean for any choice whatsoever.

I say we choose a system of morality for this reason (it leads to the best consequences etc.) You say that reason is arbitary.

I say I like chocolate because I like the taste. Your argument would presumably be that that is an arbitary reason, and thus an arbitary taste.

Or better, seeing as that is random to some extent:

I say that I choose that car because its cheapest. Your argument would then be going for the cheapest is arbitary.

If you want to hold that all choice is arbitary, fine. You are however, very, very wrong.

(And as a side point, to a believer they choose their moral system according to a Holy Book because that it is logical to them - because it was designed by an alll knowing being. Choosing to trust someone who is cleverer than you is perfectly logical).

It would be nice if you could give me a definiton as to what exactly you mean by arbitary, here.

Sorry, I didn’t properly respond to this:

I’m not quite sure when I said that, so if you could clarify what you mean, that might be helpful.

I’m not so sure about the suicide thing, but okay otherwise.

Good thing that we haven’t already established that animals and humans are different, you know, or you might have a point there…

Or in other words, if I am depressed, I may as part of my bitter mood try and make someone else feel miserable too. An animal which is pining over something (for the moment grant me that this could exist) is unlikely to hold the same bitterness.

This does not really tell us anything about how they experience emotional pain.

One principal was clearly flawed (American democracy is based on equality to all things, human, animal or inanimate). I think we can discount that one, don’t you?

The other principals and reasons were themselves arbitrary. It’s post hoc reasoning. You haven’t actually made your moral choice non-arbitrary, you’ve simply moved the arbitrariness down a level, and there’s a lot of chelonians down there.

Let me put it this way Zhao. I proclaim it reasonable that all animals are worth 87 cents, and that all humans are worth $1.95. How did I reason that out? Why it was arbitrary. Completely on a whim I decided that it was reasonable all animals are worth 87 cents, and that all humans are worth $1.95. Now I also subscribe to a principle that anything worth les than a dollar gets no rights. How did I arrive at that principle? Why it was another whim of course.

Would you conclude that this is non-arbitrary? After all I have a reason and a principal that guides me, just as you do. So this must be non-arbitrary morality, right? Nonsense. We both know it’s nonsense. Just because we adopt post hoc principals and standards of reasonable that that support our moral positions doesn’t make those positions any the less arbitrary, It just means that we have sought to dress them up as non-arbitrary.

For a moral decision to be truly non-arbitrary it needs to be based on reasons and principals that are themselves based on reasons and principals and so on. All the way down. And for the life of me I can’t see how that can be achieved without bringing in religion.

And yet if we don’t accept that then what is to stop me making up arbitrary reasons and principals that support diametrically the opposite position to the one you support?

The argument that animals do deserve rights because it prevents tyranny does not elucidate any sort of principle behind the decision. It is also utterly arbitrary.

The argument that animals do deserve rights because it’s the basis of American democracy does not elucidate any sort of principle behind the decision. It is also utterly arbitrary.

As I’ve said several times, it’s turtles all the way down, whether you do or don’t support animal rights. No moral decision is every going to be illuminated by any sort of ultimate principal unless that principal is a divine entity. A deus ex machina in the classical sense that can resolve amoral dilemma simply because it is a repository of some ultimate morality.

Animals don’t deserve rights because they are not human and only humans rights deserve our moral endorsement.

Morality shouldn’t be arbitrary because it is prevents majority rule and only non-majority rule deserves our endorsement
Zhao would you care to explain why one of those positions is morally arbitrary and one is not? Yet one is the position you are expressly arguing against and one is the position that you are expressly arguing for.

It seems to me at this point that you are trying to argue that any underlying principle that endorses rights is non-arbitrary precisely because it endorses rights, while any principle that denies them is arbitrary because it denies.

Isn’t his just special case pleading?

Zhao I do understand what you are trying to say with Premise 2, but I reject it out of hand. It is illogical on so many levels.

Principal 2 requires an assumption that some moral decisions rest on principals or reasons that themselves rest on principals and reasons that themselves rest on principals and reasons… ad infinitum. Yet at the same time you say that a moral decision based on a principal that only humans deserve rights is insufficient because the principal itself is arbitrary.

I would really like you to explain to me why this isn’t special case pleading.

On the one hand we have the argument “In principal only humans deserve rights. Animals are non-human therefore animals do not deserve rights” need to be based on other principals and reasons into infinity? On the other hand we have the essentially same but opposed line of argument “In principal all equivalencies deserve the same rights. Some animals are equivalent to some humans therefore they deserve the same rights as those human”.

Can you please explain why it isn’t just special case pleading to say that the former argument is based on an arbitrary principal while the latter argument is based on anon-arbitrary principal? Why is the former arbitrary because it doesn’t go back one step further while the latter is arbitrary and also stops there?

And how many steps does a principal have to go back before you will consider it non-arbitrary? Is it two steps, or three, or does it have to derive form “cogito ergo sum”? And what (non arbitrary) principal did you use to decide that figure?

No, that is very deliberate strawman interpretation of my position.

I took pains to state that “there has never been a referendum, constitutional amendment, plebicite or even significant public opinion that has differed from that view [of the founding fathers]. Zhao I made a deliberate decision to include that precisely so you would have no grounds for the claims you just made.

Such a deliberate strawman is beneath you. You are a skilled debater and don’t need to resort to such tactics surely? My point was not that it “the founders didn’t believe it, its antithetical to American Democracy”. It was quite clearly that “the founders didn’t believe it and no referendum, constitutional amendment, plebicite or even significant public opinion has indicated a change form thatpositionion the intervening 250 years, therefore its antithetical to American Democracy.

Now would you care to address my actual position as clearly stated rather than attacking strawmen? Can you please explain why you believe that American Democracy supports equality of all people, animals and things when in fact the evidence says that the opposite view has prevailed consistently for a quarter of a millenium?

I did indeed miss that. So anencephalic people don’t retain their basic rights?

So let’s run your own argument through with that fact as the focus and see whether you can actually utilise it to support that position without resorting to arbitrary principals.

Premise 1: Most anencephalics have the same non cerebral physical structure as most nomral humans do.
Premise 2: A system of rights should be consistent; it should not give and deny rights arbitrarily.
Premise 3: It is wrong to treat weaker human beings, especially those who are lacking in normal human intelligence, as “tools” or “renewable resources” or “models” or “commodities.”
Premise 4: There is no morally relevant difference between normal humans and anencephalics that makes one deserve rights and not the other.
Therefore: Most anencephalics ought to be afforded most of the rights we afford all humans, including basic rights to freedom and life.

OK Zhao, let’s see you defend that position without resorting to an arbitrary principal. You are not allowed to arbitrarily decide that people without brains aren’t morally equivalent to people with brains. Yu aren’t allowed to arbitrarily decide that pain or cognition are the bases of rights. Nope, None of that. You have to construct a first principals argument to counter that.

Of course you can’t do it. Because just as it is an arbitrary decision that an animal doesn’t deserve human rights because it’s genetically, emotionally and behaviourally different to a human so it’s an arbitrary decision that anencephalics don’t deserve rights because they are physically, emotionally and behaviourally different.

The problem here is that your argument is based on equivalence. And just as some animals are mentally equivalent to humans so anencephalics are physically/genetically equivalent. The only difference I can see is that you have made an arbitrary decision that rights are to be based on mental status, not physical status. But you aren’t allowed to make such arbitrary distinction. If I can’t say it’s a valid principal that animals don’t get rights because they are physical distinct then you don’t can’t say that anencephalics don’t get rights because they are mentally distinct. Either both are arbitrary or both are not.

I never said that law based on decency couldn’t be rational. I said that the vast majority of people don’t agree with your belief that they should be.

Yes, it might be true that people know that decency laws should be rational but lack the will to act on it. But we have no reason whatsoever to believe that’s the case. My experience has been that most people are quite happy to say that some things are ‘just wrong’ and feel no need to rationalise making it illegal on those grounds alone.

I can’t see us going much further here because neither of us have figures. But suffice it to say that your premise that all laws should be rational seems to lack practical majoritysupport and the evidence of majority theoretical support is nonexistent.

Would you agree that I am justified in saying that your claim that most that people believe that laws should be rational is dubious?

Yes, but the same is equally true of the issue at hand, so you haven’t really clarified anything.

My ethical principal is that rights belong exclusively to humans. And we can argue of the reasons why animals don’t get rights, just as we are doing. But that doesn’t make the principal any less arbitrary.

This is precisely why I asked you to give a non-arbitrary reason why Nixon is less moral than OJ. I didn’t ask whether it was arguable, or whether there could be principles applied. I asked for a non-arbitrary decision, by you, on the moral evaluation at hand.

That way I could have seen whether your principles really were less arbitrary than “rights belong exclusively to humans”, but you ducked the issue by simply declaring that such exists without ever telling us what it could possibly be.

Ok, thanks for finally making your point clear to me. For you, any moral statement is arbitrary unless it’s religious. So you’re essentially a relativist when it comes to morals? If that’s the case, why even participate in this thread? If no moral system is * The Right Way * why debate ethics at all?

Lots of people believe that a system of ethics can be based on non-theological axioms which are true. An ethical system based on true, very fundamental axioms is not arbitrary. I don’t care to type out an entire ethical system from first principles. Have you read Critique of Practical Reason? It’s enormous!

In any case, I think the animal rights argument calls for the giving of rights to be consistent. If you’re going to give them to one group for one reason, then if the same reason applies to another group, you need to give it to them. That is all. Your only attack on that principle is that it is arbitrary. Even if that’s true (and I don’t think it is), that doesn’t defeat the principle. I didn’t say “no principle can be arbitrary.” In some sense, fundamental axioms are arbitrary (as you’ve pointed out). I cannot prove that a=a, or that if a=b and b=c that a=c. We take these things on faith. But there is a difference between arbitrary axioms and arbitrary decisions made without reference to your own fundamental axioms and your own principles.

Because the values of American Democracy and the beliefs of American people can be in contradiction, as they have been in many, many times in the past (hence all of my examples). Also, animal rights theorists don’t argue for the absolute equality of animals and humans, just basic rights to all beings which possess the minimum levels of conciousness present in humans to which we grant rights. I’ll concede that this last part is not part of the Democratic tradition, but neither is it antithetical to it – and it is based on a fundamental part of it: fairness.

It think it has become painfully clear that your view of what qualifies as arbitrary is different from mine. Denying rights to humans that have no mental experience is not arbitrary under my definition, because I believe that rights stem, in part, from things like suffering and conciousness.

Well, I’m not sure that showing that a majority of people believe that laws should be rational will prove anything. I think it’s the only viable position, and I’m willing to defend it on the grounds that irrational systems are more open to hate and oppression than rational ones. But in the big picture of this debate, I don’t think it really matters. Most people do think that laws ought to be consistent with each other, and that is all my point requires.

So has anyone changed their minds yet?

:slight_smile:

Does anyone ever?

Maybe not, but a good debate can do the following (and probably more): clarify your own position, plant a seed of doubt that over time causes you to change positions, introduce you to an issue you never considered before, see a connection or an entailment that you never realized existed, and understand where the other guy is coming from.

I accomplished a couple of these things. You?

And if nothing else, you don’t have to hear me complain that the board has never had a good animal rights debate.

Yep, ya’ gotta love the 'Dope!

I’m going to revisit my argument, come tomorrow or friday, but I think it was shaping into something interesting about the right to life Zhao was claiming. Zhao, want to look at what I was talking about a while ago?
Why do you think animals deserve a right to life? We’re not sure humans do.
I know that Christians say that God gave us stewardship and mastery over the animals, thus they are ours to do with as we will.
What do the other major religions say? Ethics can not be developed in a vaccum.

Sure, let’s revisit it. I’m just taking a break from animal rights for a little while, I’ll be back.

Really quickly, I sort of agree that the right to life is very fuzzy. I think it is a strong line of argument that says we value human lives because of the human fear of death and the hurt it causes other humans. I can see how that wouldn’t apply to animals.

As for ethics and religion. I think it is possible to have ethics indepedent of religion, and since religion is not open for debate, I think its awkward to inject it into this one. But I am curious about the foundations of various religious positions on animals.

It certainly is possible to have ethics independent of religion. However, traditionally, the two have been paired. And there certainly have been religious figures that cared greatly for animals… St. Francis, for example. So, it might be worth examining the position religions take on animals, to see how we gained the perspective we have on them today. At the very least, it’ll give us a few places to stand and look at things from. Producing ethical standads ex nihilo is never a easy thing.

I have to say, that if animals have a right to life, then the slaughterhouses are mass murder and should be stopped instantly, if not sooner. It sort of directly follows.

Although, if animals have a right to life, isn’t nature mass murder? In the wild, animals are killing and eating other animals all the time.

This point has been directly addressed no fewer than three times in this thread, with two posts indirectly addressing it. How about, as a display of good faith, you go back and read those posts and either address them, or stop making this argument.

Hints:
Post 7.
Post 16
Post 26.
Post 37.
Post 85.

As a bonus, I’ll add an additional argument against this that has not yet been made: In the wild, animals violate other animals out of physical necessity. A lion cannot become a vegetarian. Animals do not experiment on each other for personal pleasure; they do not wear each others’ skin as a fashion statement; animals do not cage each other and keep other species as “pets;” animals do not torture each other for the entertainment of their countryment; and they do not treat each other cruelly for no particular reason.

Ehhh, I dunno about that. One of my cat’s favorite games is to kill the little mousie on the string I let him chase around. And on the occasions I’ve seen him catch a real mouse, it’s a cringer. A well-fed cat does not eat the mouse. He tortures it. Slowly. My cat pummels and mauls the poor thing for a while, and then stops, waiting patiently for it to move again, beating on it less and less vigorously as injuries mount so as to prolong the experience. The joy is in the chase, it seems, and my cat appears to appreciate that the chase will be over too soon if he delivers the
coup de grace on the first pounce. When the hapless rodent finally expires (as much out of an excess of terror as any other trauma, I’m guessing), my cat forlornly bats at his victim with his paw, as if goading it to move one last time.

Humans enjoy many things that are, unsurprisingly, good for them (at least in moderation). That derivation of such pleasure might be adaptively adventitious requires no great stretch of imagination or theory. I would not be at all surprised to learn that cats’ emotional drives have been tuned by selective pressures to truly
enjoy hunting and killing little rodents, a pleasure perhaps only superceded by their hunger in the wild upon capturing their prey. When no hunger exists, the above treatment seems pretty customary, as many other cat owners I know have similar horror stories to tell about their own pets.

In sum, it appears to me that carnivores might do well to have a gleefully sadistic streak. Animals are not noble savages.

Personally, I have never been swayed by the “Suffering” argument. All life suffers in some way or another. All life feeds on death (even plants feed off the death of stars, stars the universe, and the universe nothing). And I do not consider any of them nonliving; they all create offspring in some fashion, though it’s not anything we think of as reproduction.

I am willing to limit by law and custom the suffering of animals. I have great desire to cause any living thing pain. And indeed, I believe it is a mark of humanity to act with kindness to other creatures, lesser or not. Moreover, we have certainly seen that those who torture other creatures have a dangerous potential for evil.

Finally, the rights of any living things does not include the right not to be killed and eaten (though of course all should struggle and fight to the last; it is an affirmation of life). As I said, all life is guilty of feeding on death. You cannot evade this by merely eating an even lower form of life. Plants, too, grow, live, and die and are no less deserving than men or beasts (moreso than many humans believe you me!). The only thing you can do is accept your life and contribute to others, directly (by having children and raising them well) or indirectly (through the preisthood, adoptions, etc.). Similarly, you owe your parents, assuming they were not total bastards, so much you can’t ever repay them. You can only do their jobs for others, accepting that you will never be repaid.

I agree. But the point (which was truly added just for fun since there were already a myriad of good rebuttals posted in this thread) was merely that animals violate each other’s rights out of necessity. Not that they are idyllic angels living in harmony with their surroundings and each other.

I’m not convinced that your cat’s treatment of mice cannot be explained as practice or learning or some similarly necessary behavior.

Nevertheless, I’m sure some biologist will be along to tell us about how male hyenas pour salt in their friends’ wounds or something. So let’s hear it SD. Can anyone point to a clear example of an animal hurting another animal just for fun?

I had a post half written, in which I conceded your point and said that, upon further reflection, I came to the same conclusion as Post 85, about animals not being moral agents, but then the cat came along and logged me off somehow.

I was also going to point out that there have been times/places in human history when it was indeed necessary for human beings to kill animals for meat and fur (or at least would have represented a serious hardship not to). Which indicates to me that it isn’t an absolute wrong for people to kill animals to meet their own needs—though it’s a far cry from that position to “anything goes.”

This can be summed up in one word: Play. “Just for fun” and “necessary behavior” are not mutually exclusive, which was about the entire point of my post. Sometimes, when cats play, things get killed. It’s just for fun; and it helps them learn to be better hunters. That a cat “enjoy” such activity, be highly motivated to engage in it by “pleasure”, or what have you, might very well be highly adaptive.

All intelligent animals play, including humans. Why? It’s acting out scenerios that train the body and mind for survival, at least some hypothesize.

So what if they do? You can’t argue on the one hand that humans are “better” than animals so get special treatment while on the other saying we have carte blanc to act the same (or worse) toward these lower life forms. Well I suppose you could but it seems awfully selective and self-serving.

Maybe your cat read your post and was offended. :slight_smile:

I sort of agree with your second point. Indeed, there were probably times when humans had to kill others just to survive. There still are! Self-defense, war, etc. That’s partly why rights theories aren’t so great: they cannot be used in the sort of utilitarian calculations that we feel are necessary in this world (like the decision to go to war).

Agreed. But if this play is necessary for survival, there is an argument to be made that it justifies the violation of others’ rights. Right?