Should we insist on phylogenetic animal descriptors?

So… does the term simian not mean anything? Does the term primate not mean anything? Both are larger groupings. The question is: what size of grouping is “monkey” going to refer to?

So, I don’t quite see your issue here either. Are humans Haplorhini or not? They are.

And so, you can define “monkey” so that it only applies to a more modern group that appeared after Haplorhini had already diverged. Or you can define it so that it and Haplorhini are the same thing. If you do the latter, humans are monkeys. If the former, then they are not. It all depends on how you define “monkey” and of course there is no “right” answer. But I don’t see how the word “monkey” doesn’t mean anything if it means Haplorhini. It would mean… all Haplorhini. Including humans.

If humans are great apes (Hominidae) then great apes are a subgroup of apes (Hominoidea), and apes are a sub-group within Catarrhini. Catarrhini is commonly called “Old World monkeys” (despite the fact that it is in many ways more “modern” than New World monkeys). If great apes are a subgroup within a subgroup of a group called “monkeys” isn’t it okay to call great apes monkeys? Is there a single character, genetic or morphological that you can list that distinguishes Catarrhini from all other primates that doesn’t apply to humans?

What in heaven’s name would make you choose cloaca as a username.

You’re using Haplohrrhini interchangeably with monkeys, which simply isn’t meaningful. You may as well call tarsiers monkeys. The simians are yet another subset of the Haplohrrhini. If you want to misuse terms and point at penes as if it indicated something deep about relationships, that’s fine, but there’s nothing rigorously or semantically tenable about it. And if you need a head-poundingly obvious defining morphological characteristic, obviously prehensile tails is the most obvious thing delineating apes from monkeys. As for the genetic differences, virtually every gene we share will make those divergences manifest. What, you want me to generate the alignments and post them here for you? Do it yourself if you’re set on vacuous arguments.

I don’t know how anyone could have actually read my post and then written this sentance. How can I be “using Haplohrrhini interchangably with monkeys” when I SPECIFICALLY discussed how one could do ONE OR THE OTHER and the implications of either. I mean, think about what you wrote in light of that. Does what you wrote make any sense at all?

My only point is that its meaningful either way you choose to define “monkey,” and nothing you’ve said against that makes any coherent sense. In case it hasn’t dawned upon you, this thread is about discussing whether we should insist upon particular definitions of words, changing meanings so that they are all consistent with strict phylogenetic standards. And in case you didn’t read any of my other posts either, you’ll note that my position in this thread is that, no, we probably can’t get people to adhere to that sort of strict standard. Which as far as I can tell, is basically a position in agreement with your own. Yet, you still seem to find some way to act as if you are arguing with me. That’s remarkable! But… silly.

Well, and a ridged cavity in the roof of the mouth is the most obvious thing delineating humans from apes OMG HUMANS ARE NOT APES GAME OVER ROFL! Oh wait…

That’s not what I asked you. If we are going to make “monkey” and everything else into a strict phylogenetic term, then the smallest group that encompasses all things that are commonly called monkeys is Haplohrrhini, just as the smallest group that encompasses all things we commonly call fish is “vertebrata” (which happens to also include birds, dolphins, frogs, and humans). But, yes, that WOULD involve calling some simians without tails “monkeys.” Which might conflict with how some understand “monkey,” yes: the same way that calling dolphins “fish” would be pretty damn confusing. Which is exactly the problem with insisting on strict monophyletic group names.

Do you see why I find your behavior so bizarre now?

And you didn’t answer my pointed Socratic questions. Are humans Hominidae? Are Hominidae a subgroup of Hominoidea? Are Hominoidea a sub-group within Catarrhini? And aren’t Catarrhini called “Old World MONKEYS?”

So, if apes aren’t monkeys, then monkey isn’t a very good phylogenetic term, is it?

Wow. I mean, just…wow. I’m the incoherent one? Old world monkeys are Cercopithecidae, a sub-group of Catarrhini. How can I put this more clearly? All Cercopithecidae are Catarrhini, but not all Catarrhini are Cercopithecidae. Why drag poor Socrates into this.

Tell you what. I think we need a change. From now on, we should call all Asians Pakistanis. Are not all Islamabadis Pakistani? And are not all Pakistanis Asian? And aren’t Japanese also Asian? Therefore, shouldn’t we call them Pakistanis? That seems to make as much sense as your pointed Socratic quesiton.

Ouch, you tripped me up there, and you’re right that I used the wrong group name. But it doesn’t really change my argument any (and it’s clear that you are still completely confused about what my argument is), and of course you used it as an excuse to dodge everything else I said.

But given that I made a mistake, I’ll drop the snark. I really think you’ve haven’t paid attention to what this thread is actually about, and thus have completely mistaken my position.

To recap: the OP suggests that we recast all group names so that they are basically monophyletic, either changing or eradicating terms that don’t conform to any actual distinct lineage.

It’s a nice idea, but, as I said when I first posted, it has a lot of practical problems. Monkey was the example I picked, because monkey is NOT a monophyletic term (do you at least agree with that?) Why isn’t monkey a monophyletic term? Because Haplohrrhini (or the Simiiformes if we want to be even more specific and care about excluding the tarsiers, which are generally ignored anyway) are not generally called monkeys, but things in two different splits amongst the Simiiformes ARE called monkeys. New world primates and Old World primates was the first major division among the Simiiformes, and apes are from the Old World branch. That means that we end up having monkeys on BOTH sides of that split, which means that “monkey” is not a good monophyletic group (it’s polyphyletic), whether genetically or otherwise
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyletic

So the lowest grouping that contains all creatures that we call monkeys is Haplohrrhini (or the less well known Simiiformes to be more exact I guess). The logic of the OP requires that we either ditch “monkey” altogether or “fix” it, and the only way to fix it is to extend it so that it becomes truly monophyletic (i.e. a group that includes a common ancestor and ALL of its descendants) while still encompassing everything that was thought of as a monkey.

But this would make apes monkeys.

Now, here is were you got all bent out of shape. APES AREN’T MONKEYS. Well, yes. But remember what the OP was about! It was about should we and what would happen if we messed around with those terms to make them strictly conform to phylogenetic groups.

Monkey was my example of one of the screwups we’d encounter under this sort of rule. A more dramatic example is fish: if we tried to keep the word “fish” under this scheme, we’d have to call people fish. And dolphins. And birds. Or throw out the term fish altogether. And so my position was that we’d never get people to adopt that sort of scheme.

Now you: you blew in here apparently unaware of the subject of the thread. You seemed to have just read my post and assumed that I was claiming that it was a fact that apes were definately monkeys.

That’s not my position. My position is that IF we had to adopt the strict group scheme, then apes would be monkeys. I don’t think that’s “wrong” or “meaningless” per se, because claiming that definitions are wrong or meaningless doesn’t make any sense: they are arbitrary, and we in this thread are discussing the utility of CHANGING definitions.

But the irony is that I AGREE that we probably can’t get people to conform to the strict scheme proposed by the OP, and this seems to be your position as well. And yet somehow, you managed to convince yourself otherwise, and launch into a diatribe about how apes aren’t right now defined as monkeys. And, unfortunately, for too long, I gave you the benefit of the doubt that you had actually read the OP and understood that we were talking about what would happen if we changed the definitions.

I’m just too used to always being wrong, I guess, to recognize it. Anyway, I sort of see what you’re saying now, and I apologize for being snarky myself. It’s a bad habit I should really get out of in any circumstance.

And lesson learned myself. For trying to be too clever and snarky, what I actually was was sloppy and confusing.

The argument is pretty simple.

A macaque is more closely related to a chimp than it is to a howler monkey. So if a macaque is a monkey, and a howler monkey is a monkey, then a chimp has to be a monkey too.

You can define some parts of a phylogenetic tree as not being members of a group, but it would be completely arbitrary. Like saying that tigers, leopards, lynx, ocelots, and domestic cats are cats, but lions aren’t cats, because they have manes. We can define lions not to be cats if we wish, but it makes no sense.

So there is no natural group called “monkeys” that includes both new world monkeys and old world monkeys, yet excludes apes. Just like there’s no natural group called “apes” that includes chimps, gorillas, and orangutans but excludes humans.

There’s nothing wrong with descriptive terms like “fish”, but such terms are not rigorously definable.

Depends on what “sense” you’re trying to make. Frankly, though, I don’t think your analogy is a good one since we know that lions can interbreed with most of the other big cats.

There’s a perfectly good reason, even if it’s an arbitrary reason, to define apes as being distinct from monkeys. Just as there is a perfectly good reason to define humans as distinct from fish. Neither is more arbitrary than the other-- it just depends on what you are trying to communicate.

While it may be true that “reptilia” in the Linnaean sense doesn’t exist, there is a clade which includes all the critters most commonly referred to as reptiles: Sauropsida. Sauopsida is the sister group of Synapsida within the amniotes. Of course, for even Sauropsida to mean anything, it, too must include birds. Using “reptile” as a synonym for Sauropsida, then, I have no problem with. Using it to talk about the Linnaean vertebrate class, I do have a problem with (but then, I have a problem with Linnaean taxonomy in general…).

I, for one, wish people would stop referring to “mammal-like reptiles”. They were synapisds, not reptiles, and they didn’t start off very mammal-like (mammals evolved within the group, but the earliest synaspids were closer in form to the earliest sauropsids than they were to mammals).

Also, stop including Dimetrodon in every goddamn book or toy set that contains dinosaurs! They weren’t dinosaurs, they weren’t even reptiles (see “synapsid”, above).

And lose the term “herps”. “Reptiles + Amphibians” is already artificial, as there is no proper clade known by either “Reptile” nor “Amphibia” (though there are Sauropsida and Lissamphibia…). The clade that does contain all those critters is simply Tetrapoda, which also includes mammals. There is nothing that can be said about all “herps” that can’t also be said about mammals, simply because anything that applies to all of those groups is a generic tetrapod trait.

You can rigorously define “fish” as a chordate which is not a tetrapod, just as you rigorously define “monkey” as a member of the infraorder Simiiformes which does not belong to the superfamily Hominoidea. They are rigorous definitions, even though they don’t satisfy the best taxonomic standards.

So, I went to the library, and asked my friend there what he thought of this argument. He thought for a while, and delivered his verdict.

“Ook.”

Heck, daschunds can breed with lions!

or so they think
http://youtube.com/watch?v=V8qIJTlMoUw

Only if you exclude extinct organisms from that definition. The recently discovered “missing link” (Tiktaalik roseae) is both a fish and a tetrapod. And if you don’t want to call this a tetrapod or a fish, then some other extinct fossil will have to break your defintion. (And even if you just look at extant species, you will get some who will argue that Lancelets are not fish, but they are definitely cordates and definitely not tetrapods.)

All life forms a continuum, so you are always going to run into this problem if you insist on breaking that continuum into discreet categories. Always.

There are any number of reasons why we might want to refer to things that share common charactersitics with totally different groups. The classic example is “warm blooded.” Mammals and birds are “warm-blooded” (and maybe some dinos too for all we know) but mammals split off from the other tetrapods before, say, crocs did.

Again, I agree with the OPs wish that our basic terminology was more in accord with what we know to be the actual branchings and divisions of life. Unfortunately, things can’t always be that simple.

To bring up another horrendous example: what would we do about marsupial/placental animals. There are marsupial “bears” and “cats” AND placental bears and cats. Does this mean that we either should ditch those terms or else call all non-monotreme therians “bear-cats”? Including dogs?

If you go back to the thread that started this thread, you’ll see why “warm blooded” and “cold blooded” are not what you think they are.

It’s all a matter of context. There is no reason to call a human an ape if you mean only humans. Ther is no reason to call an ape a monkey if you mean only apes. Calling a human a “monkey” or a “fish” just adds to the confusion. But for some reason, we accept “primate” and “mammal” and “vertibrate” as discrptors of humans, and that’s probably because everyone has an idea of what a monkey is, and it isn’t a a human.

Ok, done. I don’t see what you’re talking about. Here’s what I’m talking about:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyletic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphyletic

I agree. Didn’t you read any of my posts? My last one says exactly the same thing, only with a really good example of the sort of absurdity you can run into if you go too far.

It’s not for “some reason.” It’s because we came up with those words and terms long before we had any sort of systematic understanding of the ancestral history of life on earth. And as so often happens with language, we’re probably wedded to tradition to a degree that we can’t just up and change because a new way might be more accurate.

Right. But keep in mind that just as there are “black” people who are more genetically and ancestrally different from each other than either of them are from “white” people, when you actually look at the details (genetic and morphological) of the various things people call “monkey” they can be more different from each other than either is from apes. Our concept of “monkey” is based off of the opinions of sum dude who saw sum stuff with tails and decided that monkeys have tails and apes don’t.

Well, most apes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Hanumantail.jpg

Read posts 31, 34 and 35 in this thread.

Only that first sentence was directed at you. The rest was a general comment to the thread. Sorry if that was confusing.

I don’t think so. We came up with “mammal” and “monkey” long before we had a systematic understanding of ancestral history on earth. And yet it’s OK to call a human a mammal, but not a monkey. We just happened to have guessed right with “mammal” and wrong with “monkey”.

Still not sure what you are talking about John. Yes, “Warm-blooded” is a pretty vague grouping, but people still use it, and it’s still a polyphyletic grouping.

I left out the part of your paragraph that make absolutely no sense to me. You know, the part where you said “I don’t think so” but then basically went on to agree with me.

Yep: mammal happens to coincide pretty well darn with eutherian. Monkey doesn’t ultimately happen to coincide with anything other that “that vaugely taily primate thingie.” I’m not sure of the actual history of the word “mammal” though. There well may have been more rigorous thought put into than was put into the word “monkey.”

Do you agree with me that we are probably wedded to these terms, for good or for ill?