Actually what I really want to know is what (if anything) do individual astronomers and other assorted researchers have to pay to use the various telescopes they need to do their research.
What is the process involved? (That is, who pays for these things and how?)
Are there any handy dandy price lists onlnie? 
I don’t think there’s a price attached, or if there is, it’s fairly transparently covered under various grants. The big obstacle is not money, but having a worthy use. Every major instrument has some panel or board or whatnot that decides how the time is used, and you have to submit a proposal to this group. If they approve it, then you’re allotted some amount of time on the instrument. There was a bit of a brouhaha a few years back, when the director of the Space Telescope Science Institute decided to use all of his discretionary time one year (some two weeks: Rank hath its privelidges) to look at a single nearly-empty spot in the sky, but folks calmed down when they saw the data resulting from that shot, the Hubble Deep Field.