Spirits In The Material World, by the Police?
Let’s Live for Today - Grass Roots
Within You Without You - Beatles
Heavy Disguise - The Strawbs
Secret 'o Life - James Taylor 
Mary Chapin Carpenter: “I Take My Chances” and “The Bug.”
Really? I’m first to suggest Always Look On The Bright Side Of Life by Eric Idle?
We really need the OP back here, to explain what exactly he or she is looking for. A “specific philosophy,” eh? Most suggestions seem (to me, at least) to just be along the lines of “hey, this song is really deep, man” without espousing any one specific philosophy.
The song “Nahan 'The Hidden’” by Niyaz has lines in Persian by Jalāl al-Din Rumi, e.g.:
خوش باش كه هر كه راز داند
داند كه خوشى خوشى كشاند
Khosh bāsh keh har ke rāz dānad
Dānad keh khoshi khoshi keshānad
My no-frills translation:
Be happy, because everyone who knows the secret
Knows that happiness attracts happiness
Translation that was printed on the CD cover:
Rejoice, for he who knows Truth
Knows that bliss begets bliss.
If you can drink of life’s bitterness and laugh in the face of adversity
In your soul no bitterness will remain.
Did somebody say Heraclitus?
And so it goes
This too shall pass away
It cuts so strange
The only thing that stays the same
Is change
The only thing
That stays the same
Is change
—Melissa Etheridge
Speaking of songs which take their lyrics directly from a philosophical text, i.e. set philosophy to music, a couple of excellent examples would be:
-
Blood Axis’ Between Birds Of Prey, which borrows its lyrics directly from Nietzsche’s Also Sprach Zarathustra. (“Thou, Zarathustra, still loveth the abysses…”)
-
Current 93’s Imperium II, which borrows its lyrics directly from the Dhammapada. (“How can there be pleasure / how can there be joy / when the whole world is burning…”)
The latter track, specially, is absolutely heartbreakingly beautiful. Bring a hankie.
Patti Smith’s version of “Gloria” - not the entire song, but specifically the prologue she added.
And then for something completely different, you can talk about Up With People!
Heard one of my absolute favorites this morning:
STAND! by Sly and the Family Stone. Brillant marriage of lyrics and music.
There’s a cross for you to bear.
Things to go through if you’re going anywhere.
Philosophical/political:
There’s a wheel turnin’ on muddy ground
Gains an inch every time it goes round
Come on, let’s make another revolution
Turn, turn, turn!
– by Leslie Fish, Filker and Wobbly. She has a lot of philosophical/political songs.
Also by Leslie Fish: Freedom Road:
Did you think the first leader, come preachin’ down the pike,
Could give you one big answer, as if we were all alike?
Well, there’s no set salvation! You should have known all along,
That Jesus, Marx, and your guru could be wrong!
Freedom road is a long haul,
Freedom road is a long haul,
But it’s worth the ride,
Even if you never get there at all!
Emancipate yourselves from mental slavery
None but ourselves can free our minds
—Bob Marley, “Redemption Song” (quoting Marcus Garvey)