In a non-canon book series about the Q, the barrier is Q related. It’s not their formation, however. IN Q-Squared, we find out that it is
Q himself–the one we know, after Trelane disincorporated him. He was trying to reincorporate, and piggybacked on existing people. He didn’t have his memory in that state, so he was more like a new being trying different things.
Take care, young ladies, and value your wine
Be watchful of young men in their velvet prime
Deeply they’ll swallow from your finest kegs
Then swiftly be gone, leaving bitter dregs
Ahh-ah-ah-ah, bitter dregs