I don’t believe 1) even you use a ridiculously broad meaning of reproduction that includes any mention of people.
As you say, 2) does seem to rely on a single study of studies from 2015. I’d really like to see an examination of studies post-COVID. Attitudes toward “expert” medicine appear to have changed, but some actual research would be nice.
Skeptics have been loudly trumpeting 3) for twenty years.
And 4) needs some explication. Mutiny on the Bounty is the full title of the novel, hardly very long. Darwin’s book’s full title, however, was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. If by long titles, the author meant books that had an “or” in the middle, that was simply a fashion that stopped in the mid-19th century. I did a check on the topic in this thread from earlier this year.
Those titles may seem long, by today’s standards, if you only look at novels. Nonfiction books still have them: they’re called subtitles. It’s almost mandatory on nonfiction. Here’s Amazon’s nonfiction bestsellers list and you can see the subtitles on the covers.
The “or” titles are actually a shortening of early book titles. Take this 1810 one that was the first book on building a flying car. The good reason behind putting all this text up front is that books didn’t come with dust jackets or blurbs or any explanatory material. Putting favorable exposition on the front page gave readers a sense of what the book contained. By a generation or so later, sufficient numbers of newspapers and magazines existed that reviewed books, so that potential buyers did not have to physically go to book shops or engage in extensive correspondence to know what was available in subjects of interest.
Since then, titles are something that changes year to year. Book titling is part fashion and part doing whatever sold for the last book. Short titles are favored in our short attention span world, true, but that simply creates a backlash of books with longer titles just to stand out.
@Horatius, I didn’t mean to copy you: I had a long interruption before I hit send and didn’t check for new posts.