It is a combination of factors that determines how successful a student is in a school. Intelligence, work-ethic, socio-economic background, attendence, parental support and involvement, parental education level, health and access to quality health care, depth and breadth of personal experience, class size, quality of the school curriculum, quality of school facilities, quality of the individual teacher in the classroom. To try to isolate one factor and say that it is the sole factor in the success or failure of a student is ridiculous (And, yes, I realize many of these factors are interrelated). Change any of these factors for the better, and you increase student achievement. Some factors can be affected by improving schools, some cannot.
Some of these are out of the hands of the school. Those that can be controlled usually require more money.
Intelligence cannot be affected by the schools, nor can socio-economic background, parental education level, or depth and breadth of personal experience. These are matters that are entirely outside of school control, and they figure significantly in student achievement. Work ethic, parental involvement, and access to quality health care can be influenced by the school to some extent, but are mostly a product of factors outside of the school. For example, students who read 20 minutes a day at home succeed more in all language-intensive subjects (which is all of them except maybe art and shop). Schools can encourage students and parents to read each night at home, but cannot control this vital practice time.
So what can schools control, and how do we improve these things?
Class size: This is one big advantage richer schools have over poorer. A student in a class of 20 will learn more on average than one in a class of 30, for a variety of reasons. This solution is simple, but expensive. You have to hire 50% more teachers to reduce classes from 30 to 20. And you have to have classrooms for the additional classes. And you have to provide training for these teachers. And you must get people to want to be teachers. There is a teacher shortage as it is.
Teacher quality. I teach every subject to my 5th graders. I am an excellent reading, writing, and language arts teacher, a very good math and social studies teacher, and a good science teacher. I am an acceptable P. E. teacher, a bad art teacher, and a terrible music teacher. My students would be much better off with dedicated specialists teaching them P. E., art, and music. Richer schools have money to spend on specialists, which provides their students with a richer, more well-rounded education. And students who study music and art at an early age do better in reading and math. Again, the solution is simple: train and hire more specialists. Again this costs money. By the way, who do you think is more likely to get those college band scholarships, my students who have to wait for 6th grade before ever having the chance to pick up an instrument at school, or those in a neighboring district who can begin daily band practice with a music teacher in 3rd grade?
The same goes for middle and high schools, which cannot find enough high quality math, science, and business teachers. And special education teachers are scarce everywhere, at every level. Except in the rich schools. People with math, science, and business degrees can almost always find more money elsewhere, and those who do choose teaching are drawn to the schools which pay the most.
School facilities, equipment, and books. I have no science equipment with which to teach science. None. It costs money the district doesn’t have. All of these things affect student learning. All cost money.
School curriculum. This one is basically free, but no one can agree what it should be. There is a depth/breadth trade-off, due to time constraints. Add a new subject, and you take time away from another. It’s free, but very complex.
I am not advocating throwing money at the problem. I am advocating spending more money on focused areas that have a demostrable effect on student achievement.
And we should recognize which problems are school problems, and which problems are societal problems. To suggest that societal problems are a product of the schools is to reverse cause and effect.