During the “Indian Wars” of the 19th Century, the U.S. Cavalry was one of the main forces lined-up for combat against Native Americans.
Was the Infantry or Artillery also involved (in support of the U.S. Cavalry?)
Besides the U.S. Army, did the U.S. Navy or U.S. Marine Corps ever engage in battles with Native Americans?
Infantry and Artillery, were often involved in the Western Indian wars. See the Army’s detailed page about the Indian Wars: http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/reference/iwcmp.htm
The Navy and Marines were involved in the Indian wars of the Southeast in 1835-1842. See the Navy’s brief page about it here: http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/stream/faq45-8.htm
Infantry was used extensively (if not later portrayed romantically) in the Indian wars. Artillery was also used (although artillery at the time tended to be organized as support elements to infantry and, occasionally, cavalry, so there were not the sort of major stand-alone batteries of artillery that one finds in the World Wars or subsequent conflicts).
Now, in the later years following the Civil War, (about which the most fiction was written), the dwindling number of Indians required more mobile pursuit, so that the actual battles were mostly carried by cavalry units, leading to the impression carried to this day that the the Indian Wars were all cavalry wars. However, while most of the battles fought involved cavalry, the infantry continued to be used for garrison work and to hold ground.