Show me a universe that doesn’t have wave-particle duality, and I’ll answer that question. Short of that, there’s really no way to know. In the quantum mechanics we know, it’s shown to follow from duality, but then, in our universe, we have duality, so it all works out.
In modern QM it arises as a consequence of the wave nature of particles. More correctly, the quantum field nature of particles. That is, it is not a separate hypothesis, but a result of the mathematical structure of the theory.