Weather impact of wind turbines

In the nuclear bomb vs. hurricane thread, Chronos mentionedusing the power from a hurricane before it forms, but worries about the potential environmental impact.

Which reminded me of question I have when I see large turbine farms - those turbines are harvesting energy from wind, so presumably the is blowing less strongly on the far side of the farm?

What is the affect of that? Small for any individual wind farm, but could we build enough in an area to change weather patterns?

They have the same effect as a forest or a series of power lines.

Building a city will affect the weather.

Yes. It’s conservation of energy.

I understand that - but is there any study about the actual impact? Change in rain patterns, more/less tornadoes/hotter/colder/???

Any individual turbine is going to be a gnat in a hurricane - how many kilowatts (joules?) can we extract from the atmosphere before we have a noticeable effect?

Also, compare this to the effect on the weather of the fossil fuel generating plant that could have been built instead. I’d suspect that the windmill has less effect.

From SciAm “How Wind Turbines Affect Your (Very) Local Weather”:

I’m kinda thinking of this wind field over the wind farm is six miles tall, what few Joules are being removed in the lowest 500 feet are not going to make any difference … except in the wash just downstream of the blades … just a little more turbulence in and already turbulent environment.

I would think that occasionally this little extra turbulence will initiate a thunderstorm where no thunderstorm would have formed; but equally this turbulence may disrupt a thunderstorm where one should have formed.