Whoa. Yeah, of course I meant the city in Missouri. Bigtime catch bro.
In no order:
Mannheim, 1700s: The Mannheim Rocket (soft to loud fast-note rush). Important if you’ve ever heard Mozart, say.
England, 1400s: Le Contenance Anglais. The “English Sound.” Essentially, brought the major third to Continental art music, leading to Strauss 2001 and “Three Blind Mice.”
Bohemia (Czech), 1800s: paired French horns doing king-marching or hunting stuff.
Vienna, early 20th century: 12-tone and serial music (Schoenberg, Berg, Webern).
French and Italian styles in Baroque music, even composed by people from neither country, were truly distinct and easily recognized. Knowledgable people laughed when a Frenchman performed an Italian piece incorrectly, as he totally missed the point. And vice-versa.
Ditto Burgundy and Florentine in late 1200s-1300s. Different genres, approaches. Like night and day.
Paris, 1700s: Flute concertos and Symphonie concertante. Mozart hated the former, didnt know the latter, but had to put out if he was going to get any audience.
Many, many more. Lots of music, lots of style, genre-geographic concentrations given lots of historical time. 
Kansas City is really two cities divided by the Missouri River, with one of the cities in Kansas and the other in Missouri. Effectively they’re like a single city split between two states. The music district where bop was born is in Missouri.
The music scene in Kansas City influenced more than bop. Several important musicians worked in Bennie Moten’s Kansas City Orchestra, including Count Basie, Ben Webster, Jimmy Rushing, Walter Page and Hot Lips Page. This band had a big influence on the development of the swing sound.
Yay, shout out for my home town.
Could an argument be made for London and New Romanticism? It has its origins in London’s club scene in the late 70s-early 80s.
Many of the leading luminaries of Grebo music were from Stourbridge, in the UK’s West Midlands.
Mine too, sort of. I lived in Harborne for a few years.