It’s been an interesting read, although not much of a surprise. The American system is strange and inefficient. There are a lot of questions in the thread, and I don’t know if they’re all just rhetorical questions or whether the inquirers really want to know.
Assuming that there are even a few who really want answers, I can take a shot at a few.
There are several factors that go into our odd system:
(1) The system was created at a time when there weren’t a whole lot of working examples of democratic republics or republican democracies extant, so the people who designed the system were acting on personal experience, personal biases, and theoretical speculation.
(2) The people who designed the system were affluent, educated white men, the aristocracy of the 13 colonies. They wanted democratic rights for themselves, but weren’t so crazy about giving it to their fellow residents, who might be poor, uneducated, non-white, women, or slaves.
(3) They set up a system democratic in spirit and in overall philosophy, but severely limited actual democratic participation. The only part of government that was subject to a popular vote was the House of Representatives, so one half of one of the three branches of government. They tried to keep the Senate and the presidency out of the hands of the hoi polloi. Over time, democracy steadily expanded: non-landowners, non-whites, women, etc., but expanded democracy still falls short of the democratic systems that some other countries have created.
(4) All governmental structures are based on the U.S. Constitution, which leaves a lot of things unsaid, meaning that a lot of matters have been handled by custom, and throughout American history, the white ascendancy has thrown custom aside whenever there was a threat to their maintenance of power. That’s why you have Senator Mike Lee denouncing “rank democracy” now. That’s why ever since 2000, you’ve heard conservatives asserting “a republic, not a democracy.” They’ve decided that the American ideal is really about protecting the power of rich white men rather than giving everyone the franchise.
(5) The judiciary is political because it’s appointed by political officials. The Constitution didn’t create a neutral functionary bureaucratic institution. It gave all the power to the elected officials. The Constitution even states this explictly:
[the President] shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
(Of course, it never really defines what “the Advice and Consent of the Senate” means. It has by custom come to mean that the Senate must vote to confirm all presidential appointments, but that’s not the only valid interpretation.)
(6) Although the U.S. Constitution sets forth some language on how certain officials will be chosen and how certain political bodies shall be constituted, it doesn’t give the federal government the power to make rules about elections generally. So, each state sets its own election rules. That’s why voting in the U.S. is such a mess. And, historically, many state and local governments have used their power to ensure that the “wrong” people don’t get to vote, or don’t get to vote easily. During the Johnson administration, the Civil Rights Acts and the Voting Rights Act did a lot to rectify this situation (although not solving the problems completely), and ever since then conservatives have been steadily working to take the teeth out of the Voting Rights Act.