What do they call AIDS in other countries?

Esperanto: “aideso”.

Just to clarify for German: The term “erworbenes Immunschwäche-Syndrom” is not really used (except perhaps in scientific circles). It is merely the direct translation of the English term. We just say “AIDS” (now often spelled “Aids”), which is pronounced like in English. In, say, the news, this is often prefixed by an explanatory byword such as “die Immunschwächekrankheit AIDS” to provide some context, but that’s not really necessary.