Flowbark: Well, they use a number of electronic aids these days to set up the scope and such, which I’m not really up on. I do know that Canada has some pretty cool sniper rifles which are way better than anything even the Americans have.
But the basic idea is to ‘zero’ the weapon to a known yardage, so that you know exactly where the bullet will be at that distance. Then you make small adjustments if, based on your judgement or rangefinding gear, the target is closer or more distant.
For example, the shot that Hathcock made in Vietnam was from a set sniper perch. And earlier, Hathcock had exactly measured the distance to a road, and had zeroed his rifle to that distance. Then he set himself up in his perch. So to him, when he put the crosshairs on a target on that road, that’s where the bullet would go. If you looked at his gun from the side, you’d see that the scope was actually canted at a visible angle to the barrel, so that when the scope was sighted onto something, the barrel pointed somewhere up above it to compensate for the bullet drop.
Then there’s wind. A sniper scope has an adjustment for windage as well, and the sniper will have memorized the scope settings for various amount of wind, and will be an expert at judging both the current wind and what it’s likely to do in the next few seconds. So he’ll dial in the windage to move the scope to the right or the left. But this is part of where the art of this comes in, because when you’re shooting out to a mile or more, the wind at the target is likely to be somewhat different than the wind wherever you are. Even a couple of miles per hour of wind can cause a bullet to miss at those distances. As far as I know, this is still a judgement call.
Then, there’s the problem of actually seeing the target. At those distances, a human is probably not even visible in a typical sniper scope, or if he is, it’s probably just as a tiny dot. (You can’t put a super high power scope on the rifle, because the field of view is so narrow that it’s hard to spot and stay on target). So often, the sniper will have to assume where the person is based on his knowledge of the area. In Hathcock’s case, he could see the vehicle, knew roughly where people sit in it, and aimed for that.
In the case of the Canadian sniper, I seem to recall there was a notch in the rocks, and he figured the shooter had to be in that notch. There was some metal shield set up that he could see as well, and he shot the guy right through it.
Here’s another part of the ‘art’ of this - at those kinds of distances, the bullet can take several seconds to get to the target. So if your target is moving, you have to shoot at where you expect him to be several seconds from now, and not where he currently is. In the case of the Canadian sniper, his target was stationary behind fixed cover, so he didn’t have to worry too much about that. But speaking of who you’d be afraid of… Can you imagine having a guy get hit beside you, in total silence? All you’d hear is the sound of a bullet striking a body. The report of the rifle would take a LONG time to get there (like, close to 10 seconds). Long enough that it would be hard to even connect the two events. So from your standpoint, it’s like a hand is just reaching out and snuffing out people around you. Must be terrifying, especially when you have no idea where it’s coming from and no way to fight back.
And no, they aren’t just machine-gunning the area. This is a single shot event. If they miss, they’ll take another shot, of course. But they’re not just hosing down an area hoping to hit something. That’s not sniping, that’s covering fire. They do that as well when necessary with .50 cal machine guns, but it’s not the same thing at all.
Finally, the other, and maybe most important thing, is the quality of the gun and ammunition. There’s real skill involved in making a bullet accurate enough to make kills from those kinds of distances. It requires tremendous quality control. In the old days, snipers used to hand-load their own bullets, carefully crafting them for maximum accuracy, because the ‘factory’ loads weren’t up to it. Later, specialty ammo suppliers sprung up to provide sniper ammo. I suspect that today the best stuff comes from a precision factory somewhere, because modern automation can probably do a better job than the handloaders do. But I’m not certain of that.
All in all, it was an amazing shot. Any shot past 1000 yds qualifies as impressive. To do it at two and a half times that distance is astounding.