First of all, there’s no “radiation” in a microwave in the way that the term “radiation” is commonly used.
Electromagnetic radiation is a whole bunch of things, starting with long waves (which are useful for transmitting messages through polar ice but not much else), then radio waves, shorter wavelength radio waves called microwaves, infra-red light, visible light, ultra-violet light, x-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays. Once you get part way through the ultraviolet part of the spectrum, the electromagnetic radiation becomes “ionizing”. What this means is that the electromagnetic wave can strip the electrons off of atoms and create ions. Ionizing radiation is what is responsible for most of the fading damage done to clothes, cars, and other objects left out in the sun for extended periods of time. Ionizing radiation also causes cell damage and cancer. So ultra-violet light, x-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays are all ionizing, and that’s your 3-mile island type of radiation (basically). Visible light, infra-red, microwaves, radio waves, and long waves are not ionizing. They aren’t your 3-mile island type of radiation.
That doesn’t mean that these longer wavelength (and lower frequency) waves are completely harmless. Concentrate enough energy in those waves, and you can easily cook things, like cooking ants with a magnifying glass as some kids do, and you wouldn’t want to stand in front of a very powerful Hollywood style spotlight. Use a bunch of mirrors, and you can focus the mostly visible light from the sun into a single point and create enough heat to melt salt (there are power generators based on this).
And, of course, this is how your microwave oven cooks food. It throws a whole bunch of microwave radio waves into the little box, which heats your food up.
Inside the microwave oven, the size of the box is such that the radio waves are usually set up in what is called a standing wave. In other words, the wavelength evenly divides into the size of the box.
Since you still probably have no idea what I’m talking about, the radio waves look like this:
They don’t just all bounce around randomly inside the box. This is why microwave ovens have hot spots and cold spots. Any place where the standing wave is at a peak is a hot spot, and any place where the standing wave is at its minimum is a cold spot.
So what happens if you rig it so that it will still work if you open the door? Well, now your nice even standing wave ends up just bouncing out randomly outside of the box. If you get close enough to the box you could end up with a microwave burn. Radio wave burns are really nasty, because the microwave radio waves penetrate into your skin and cause deep tissue burns. If you aren’t too close to the microwave oven though, you probably aren’t going to feel anything. Again, because of the geometry of the room and whatever, you are going to end up with some places that are hotter spots than others as you scatter out away from the microwave oven, but generally speaking, the farther away from the box you are, the less radio waves you’ll receive and the less you’ll heat up. You could probably stand in most areas of the room and not feel a thing, and not be harmed in any way either.
Because microwave radio waves are not ionizing, they mainly damage you through heat, so you would know very quickly if your body was absorbing any damaging levels of radio waves. Most people don’t stand still while they are being burned, so anyone getting a radio wave burn would likely move out of the way very quickly.
This is in sharp contrast to ionizing radiation. You can receive a fatal dose of x-rays or gamma rays and not really feel much of anything at first. Your first clue that something was wrong would come some time later (several minutes to several hours, depending on how much radiation you were exposed to) when you started to get nauseous. Then you would get sicker and sicker, and within days, or maybe weeks, you would die.