Sorry you had a bad time during your stay. Phuket gets a lot of press, but the aggression is one reason we never go there.
If you ever come back, I would recommend you try the Northeast. Very laid back. The figures show only 2% of tourist arrivals make it to the Northeast, but there really is a lot to see. It’s the poorest region, and many Thais consider it the “real” Thailand, whatever that means. Prices tend to be very low, however, much lower than in the South. The down side is that means a distinct lack of English and facilities outside of the main urban areas, but it’s easy and cheap to hire a driver and guide. Sometimes you can hook up with an, um, rather attractive guide’ many guys have ended up staying and settling down then! A good jumping-off point for Laos and Cambodia, too (although if you want to see real aggression, just hit a Cambodian border town).
You did not mention rabies shots with your encounter with a dog. If you’ve been vaccinated, you’ll need a booster. If not, then you’ll need to start the series and quickly. The Thai Red Cross is the best (read: cheapest) place for that in Bangkok, on the corner of Rama IV and Henri Dunant roads (behind the snake farm, which they operate for the anti-venom sera). I was bitten by an exceptionally mangy dog a few years ago and had foolishly let my vaccination lapse. I took my first shot at the private Samitivej Hospital, then took the rest of the series at the red Cross. That one shot at Samitivej cost more than the entire series at the Red Cross. But if you wait for symptoms to appear, you will die.
A tip for dogs in Thailand. When threatened, act like you are about to throw a rock at it, or even squat down to the ground like you’re picking one up. Thai children are very cruel and torture animals mercilessly. There’s not a stray dog in Thailand that’s not been pelted with rocks by children for sport. That usually spooks them into backing off if not running away.
No, Bangkok is not for everyone. I had a love-hate relationship with it when I lived up North. But it grows on you, like a fungus. I love the place now, that despite not being able to stand crowds. Go figure. And that special Bangkok smell. Mmmmm. They should bottle it and sell it. 
Speaking of smells, there’s an especially particular one I’ve mentioned before. I call it “Bangkok whorehouse.” Sort of a musty smell in some of the older buildings. The cinema at the Alliance Francaise on Sathon Road is a good example, and many of the older government buildings have it. I stayed in a hotel in Beijing once that smelled just like it, and it felt like Bangkok. I don’t know what it is that causes it.