The latter. Plantations were established in Ulster of Scotsmen during Stuart times, as part of their efforts at “pacification” of Ireland under British rule.
It’s far more complicated than that. There’s been movements of populations in both directions for much longer. Hell, you can see each country from the other!
Here’s a reference to Cheddar Man for a tantalizing lineal genetic connection between a modern Brit and a 9000 year old skeleton residing at the same locale.
England had long been thinly populated by Stone Age hunters when, before 4000 BCE immigrants from the continent arrived, settling partly on the chalk hills where they buried their dead in long barrows. They were the first farmers. A few centuries later their descendants, perhaps with new immigrant groups, began the custom of building great stone tombs, commonest along the coast from Cornwall to the Orkneys. By 2500 BCE the first phase at Stonehenge had been completed: the outer bank and ditch, apparently a sanctuary connected with a sun cult.
About 2000 BCE, the Beakers came and brought a knowledge of metal-working and from Pembrokeshire transported 80 great bluestones which they erected in a double circle at the center of the Stonehenge sanctuary.
The builders of Stonehenge were a mixed people and this mixture was enriched by successive invaders for another 2,000 years and more.
There were other minor invasions before the coming of the Celts, who from about 800 BCE moved west from their European homeland, conquering Kent and much of southern England, pressed into Cornwall, spread north and established themselves as an aristocratic elite. The conquerors imposed their language on the natives, its Gaelic form in Iceland and Scotland, the Brythonic in England and Wales, which game the name to the whole country.
It was the Age of Iron. The Celts imported the luxuries of the Mediterranean, their priests, the Druids, were the teachers and administrators of the age.
These then were the Britons, now predominantly Celtic, who opposed Julius Caesar and his legions in 55 and 54 BCE. Those Roman expeditions were a failure, and it was almost another hundred years before they came again; however, in the meanwhile, there was a peaceful Roman penetration of Britain. Under the Belgic chief Cunobelin, Shakespeare’s Cymbeline, must of southern England was for the first time united under a single ruler, *Rex Brittonum]/i], as he was called. When Cymbeline died, his kingdom collapsed, an in 43 CE, Claudius sent an army to add Britain to the empire. The Roman occupation was virtually confined to England. Wales was too mountainous, Scotland too wild and warlike, and Cornwall too barren and remote. In the west and north, therefore, the old Celtic tribalism remained.
The Roman occupation was a paternal one, bringing prosperity and orderly government to a disorderly province. The Britons became citizens of the Roman Empire. For three centuries under the Pax Romana, the Britons of the southern half of England knew little or nothing of war. The religion was a confusion of Roman and Celtic cults until the Emperor Constantine made Christianity the imperial religion, and a British Church was soon a flourishing institution, but the Empire, rotten at the center, was beginning to break up. Barbarians were battering at its frontiers, and in 367 the Celts of the north, the Picts and Scots, overran the Wall, while Saxon pirates landed in the est.
The Angles and Saxons were barbaric Teutonic tribes, and, in the course of the 5th century advanced from east to west of England. Many of the Britons fled west, into Wales and Cornwall, taking with them their Roman culture, language, and Christianity. This is the period of the half-legendary King Arthur, the British champion of Christianity against the heathen English. It was also the period of St. Patrick, son of a western British priest, who spent his life converting the Irish Celts to Christianity.
It was a strange reversal of the situation: instead of a civilized and Christian England surrounded and menaced by pagan Celts, a barbaric and pagan England threatened the more civilized and partly Christian Celts, the Welsh. There were four of these Celtic countries: Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, and Ireland.
At the end of the sixth century, Pope Gregory sent a monk, Augustine, to convert the English to Christianity. He landed in 597, converted its king, and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury, the Kentish capital. By the middle of the 7th century, all England was converted, but not to the same form of Christianity. In the 8th and 9th centuries, the Northmen, the Vikings of Norway and the Danes, invaded the land. They brought to an end the golden age of Celtic civilization in Ireland. Meanwhile the Danes overran eastern England, Yorkshire became a Danish kingdom, and the southwest was threatened, but they were checked in 871 by the young king of Wessex, Alfred, who forced the Danes to come to terms: to accept Christianity and retire behind the line of Watling Street, into the Danelaw and its towns with Danish endings. Based in Winchester, capital of Wessex, Alfred organized its defense, so that later Danish invaders were diverted to northern France, where their settlement became known as Normandy, the province of the Northmen.
Alfred died in 900 and the greater part of the 10th century was a golden age. King Edgar died in 975 and was succeeded by the worthless Ethelred. The kingdom fell into confusion, the Danes renewed their attacks from Scandinavia, and in 1016 England submitted to a Danish king, Canute, becoming part of a great Danish empire that included Norway and Denmark. After the death of Canute’s sons in 1042, the empire collapsed, and Ethelred’s son, Edward the Confessor, was restored to the throne of an independent England. However, the real ruler was the leader of the anti-Norman party, Harold, Earl of Wessex. When, therefore, Edward died childless in 1066, the Witan elected Harold as his successor. Harold was Edward’s brother-in-law, but Duke William of Normandy was Edward’s cousin, and he seized what he professed as his rightful inheritance. While Harold was way to repel a Norwegian invasion in Yorkshire, William landed at Pevensey, and by the evening of October 14, Harold and the flower of the English nobility lay dead.
Had England been a united country, the battle of Hastings would not have decided its history, but it was not, and the battle did. The problem was to hold the conquest, but without the means of exercising direct control from the center, without trained civil servants and lawyers to administer all corners of the kingdom in his name, his only recourse was to delegate power to his earls and barons by the imposition of a systematic feudalism.
[Source: A Concise History of England, F. E. Halliday,1964]
If you’re saying the Celts conquered Iceland and imposed their language on the natives you are very much mistaken. The only contact we had with the Celts was when we went over there to get slaves, really. I believe we have their bone structure (female slaves, go figure) but none of their language or culture.
I think he means Ireland.
The Rolling Stones.
Man, those guys are old.
Well, that would be the second round of invaders. From barbitu8’s wonderful summary above:
The Gaelic form of the language in Scotland arrived due to migration from Ireland, not directly as a result of Celtic conquest of Scotland.
Now you people are just being silly. Everyone knows that humans came from Africa. (Exact location depends on which scientist is popular this month). The answer to the OP is obviously Africans.