Why didn't the Native Americans Change?

Please don’t think this question is racist.

I am just wondering why some cultures, such as the Native Australians and the Native Americans and the people of the Amazon River Valley, did not change over thousands of years, whereheas the Chinese and Egyptians and Europeans and Indians and a few others made drastic changes over only hundreds of years at times.

How could it be that some cultures had made ships to cross the ocean and castles and plans for flying machines while other cultures were still doing business as usual, the same way since practically the Ice Age?

Did the written word just not occur to them?

Why?

This question has been debated for centuries. my take is: the Amerindians were never very numerous. Their population never reached a level that would have forced them into a settled way of life (except the Aztecs and Incas of mexico, Peru). Because of this, they stayed in a semi-nomadic life, hunting and practicing only rudimentary agriculture. Add to the fact that they never domesticated any animals (other than the dog and llama), they just stayed stuck where they were.
In contrast, Europe experienced a rapid population growth, which forced much technical innovation. Thus we have the ancient europeans progresing from the stone age, to copper, bronze, iron and steel, and ultimately, electricity and the internet. The inhabitants of the Americas stayed (for the most part) in the stone age.

Offhand, I’d guess it’s because the Indians and aborigines hadn’t yet experienced the agricultural revolution, which led to further innovations like simple machines and the written word. Remember that those ancient Mesopotamian cuneoform tablets started out as grain tallies.

And why didn’t they experience the agricultural revolution? Maybe because of an overabundance of resources. When you’re living in harmony with nature and all that guff, naturally living out your life span to the ripe old age of 28, it probably doesn’t occur to you to exercise your imagination to invent new ways of finding food and shelter. Problem-solving presupposes the existence of problems.

[ol]
[li]A lot of them did change. From our fin de millenie perspective, the changes may not have been readily apparently, but there is a considerable difference between the urban, agricultural civilizations of Mesoamerica in the 15[sup]th[/sup] century CE, and the bands of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers who crossed Beringia n[sup]1[/sup] years earlier.[/li][li]Cultural evolution, like physical evolution, comes about in response to change in the environment. The environment in the Amazon basin hasn’t changed very much in the last few myriads of years. The whole transition between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic seems to have come about because of the last interglacial.[/li][li]You have to think of a useful change. As Unky Cecil points out (in a column that I can not now find, because the Search function is down…again), all the Eastern Hemisphere wheels apparently stem from a single invention thereof. The wheel was also invented in the Western Hemisphere…but since there were no suitable draft animals left by the time that it was thought of, it was dismissed as a novel but useless invention.[/li][/ol]

[sup]1[/sup]Exactly what n is is left to another thread. I like 17,000, myself, but I’ll listen to others’ arguments.

You’d probably be interested in Guns, Germs and Steel by Jared Diamond. The entire book focuses on the issue of why certain cultures have dominated others.

Not all native American societies remained “primitive”, i.e., lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. The Mayans, Olmec, and Aztecs of central America all developed civilizations with urban centers, well-developed trade networks and pretty amazing astronomical studies. They also had writing systems that employed pictographs rather than alphabets (still not fully deciphered to this day, thanks to the Spanish missionaries’ habit of burning native writings as works of the devil). The Incas did not have writing as such, but employed quipu, colored, knotted strings that were used to record trade transactions and the like. Other groups that we know less about overall also developed centralized societies with the trappings of civilization, i.e., the Moche of Chile and the Mississippian mound-builders in the U.S.

My personal opinion has been that you need a critical mass of people in one spot to push innovation. The motivation could be warfare and/or trade related; it might also be that having enough people around to keep the ball rolling in the traditional ways let someone experiment more than they would have otherwise. Heck, maybe it was just the opportunity to bounce ideas off other people that helped spark some innovations. In any event, it just seems to me that Europe and parts of the Middle East (through geographic restrictions) and China/India (through sheer population size) had that critical mass of people before significant portions of the Americas did.

Let me be the first on this thread to recommend you read Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond. He spends several hundred pages attempting to answer this very question.

To summarize his answers, Diamond argues that European society had two key geographical advantages; one was access to an abundance of domesticatable species which allowed an early agricultural revolution; the other was a variety of mountains, rivers, and peninsulas, which prevented a single political entity from maintaining control over the continent.

So Europe had a sizable population due to the advantages of agriculture. This population produced an average number of innovaters, but becuase it was larger than the population of North America or Australia the total number of innovaters was larger. And because of the competition between the independent societies which formed Europe (as opposed to China for example) innovations tended to get put into practical use.

What Fillet and Little Nemo say, but also…

One of Diamond’s key points was also the geographial configuration of Eurasia vs Africa and the Americas. The premoninantly east/west axis of Eurasia allowed/favored the spread of domesticated plants to similar latitudes separated by thousands of miles. Contrast this with the north/south axis of Africa and the Americas. In order to spread, domesticated plants would have to be hardy at a number of different latitudes, which impeded their spread. The origin of agriclture via domesticated plants and animals was, in his opinion, key to social and technological change, as it produced a surplus of food. This surplus of food in turn led to the advent of non-nodadic communities, larger populations supported by the same amount of land, and allowed people to engage in activities other than hunting/gathering -they became the innovators to whom Little Nemo refers.

Obviously, I’m another who enjoyed the book.

Shaky Jake

In addition, I’d also like to recommend “The Rise of The West” and “The Wealth and Poverty of Nations”, both of which explore this topic as well. With “Guns, Germs, and Steel”, you can lay down a pretty formidable foundation of knowledge about this subject.

I would also like to recommend “Guns, Germs, abd Steel”
Also an easy to read book called “Lies my teacher told me”

I would NOT recommend, “the wealth and poverty of nations”
IMHO “the wealth…” is some science mixed with some rightwing propoganda.

Our stereotypical indian is a horse-riding plains hunter. But most indians were farmers, and of course, horses only appeared after the Spaniards came.

Everyone knows about the Aztecs, Incas, and Mayans, but most of North America was agricultural as well. Remember all that about the Indians teaching the Pilgrims to grow corn? It seems to me that the biggest reason that the Europeans were able to conquer the Americas was disease. Think about it…they weren’t any less bloodthirsty in their conquest or atttempted conquest of Africa, India, or China. Why weren’t those people exterminated?

Well, because they were already exposed to the same diseases that the Europeans carried. In the case of Africa, it went the other way…the average life expectancy of a white man in Africa was one year. The American civilizations collapsed because over 3/4 of the population were killed by dozens of different epidemics they had never been exposed to before. The Europeans moved in to take over before they could recover.

I’m pretty much a liberal myself (according to most), but Lies My Teacher Told Me falls off the edge of the left wing. In my opinion, James Loewen is as biased as Rush Limbaugh (a comparison which would hopefully horrify both of them).

You’re right, of course, I should have mentioned that.

A late followup recommendation for Guns, Germs & Steel. Diamond answers the OP’s question with comprehensive and convincing detail. (I know this doesn’t add any new information, but I never miss an opportunity to plug GG&S.)

Having lived next to a reservation for a number of years, I can tell you they are still resistant to change. I have discussed this many times with a large number of individuals.
I highly recommend GG&S. But part of the answer might be simply be a cultural bias towards progress, or rather, a cultural preference for the way they lived. ‘Religion’, whatever form, is a powerful thing.

I just want to add several points. 1)Hunting & gathering (HG) is an extremely easy way to live, compared to every other way that has been devised. I recall that in anth class we learned that to provide for a person in reasonable times (ie not famine) takes about 14 hours a week. To enforce this point, it was found that Plains Indians were farmers, until the Spanish brought horses. Horses made hunting so much more efficient that they basically gave up farming.

Unless there is some pressure (population, change in local environs, climactic change, etc) there is no reason to change from the HG model.

In areas where these pressures did exist native american groups practiced extensive agriculture, irrigation, manumental architecture, warfare, conquest and all that fun stuff. The Iroquois invented the federal system of governemt, dontcha know!

Rm, it must be that population pressure from a successful HG culture pushes people into agriculture since all successful (ie those that survived) cultures made the transition or assimilated (either from above or from outside) into them.

Walking through the reconstructed Mississippian city at Cahokia probably gives you a very good indication of what the early tells in SW Turkey and along the Tigris and Euphrates were like. The question is why did the Mississippian towns come along 6000 years after the Mesopotamian settlements.

Homo sapiens sapiens HG people were living in Anatolia and Mesopotamia for at least 30,000 years. The slow accumulation of culture, the population growth due to their successful and (here I speculate) the stability and comparative peacefulness of these original Mediterranean people pushed them into settled village life starting around 7000 BC.

In the Americas, the pressures to form villages and an agricultural way of life apparently did not come until the first millenium BC and in North America, probably not until 700 AD (the earlier Adena/Hopewell cultures were not or were only minorly agricultural). Was this because they had a continent full of game, fish, fruits and berries? Probably, as rmariamp points out, it is an easy life style.

There is another point, however. There seems to be a need for a seeding culture, one who starts out and (dare I say it) diffuses ideas to its neighbors. In Mesopotamia, this was the Sumerians. They were intrusive into the area (some say from the south) and started the civilization ball rolling. The Mohenjo-Daro and Egyptians were influenced if not inspired (or diffused) by them. Even after the highland barbarians from the north and east started causing havoc in to Mesopotamia, there was always a civilized group that survived or a war lord that encouraged the arts of civilization so the area never lapsed into complete barbarism. (The continuing presence of Egypt might have helped too.)

The earliest sedentary although probably not agricultural culture that I know of in the Americas is the Poverty Point people of Louisiana, 2000-3000 BC but that keeeps getting pushed back. Their civilization was destroyed/atrophied/abandoned and nothing took its place. The Adena people (~300 BC) and their neighbors, the Hopewell (0 AD), put on a good show and probably were on the edge of agriculture when they collapsed (possibly due to the invasion of the proto Cherokee/Iroquois). There was no followup continuity. The Mississippians (800 AD) were undoubtedly influenced by Meso-America, had a thriving agricultural society (apparently they were a little short on protein though). Some currently unknown factor knocked them down (in the north, it was probably invasion from the Algonquian speaking peoples). And unfortunately, that was the last chance.

In meso America, there was an interesting seed culture, that of Teotihuacan. It cross fertilized if not inspired the Mayan civilization. While it was destroyed (~600AD), Nahuatl warlords maintained the conquered civilization’s trappings and formed the Toltec culture, similar to what had occured in Mesopotamia 2000 years earlier. This, too, fell to later Nahuatl invaders and, after a dark age, later peoples, the most famous of which were the Aztecs, took up the civilization torch. But the clock had run out.

So, my guess is that the American Indians got a late start compared to the Mesopotamians because America’s HG resources were not anywhere near exploited and, once agricultural civilizations were started, there was not enough continuity after invasions and dark ages. Luck had a lot to do with it.

If you read GG&S (recommended by several in this thread), it was because a variety of corn that could survive in the North American climate wasn’t found until about 900 AD.

Population pressures only form when agriculture is productive. Eastern North America had some domesticated plants before corn, but they weren’t nearly as productive.

I have never read GG&S, but nobody in North America found corn. It was brought in from central Mexico. I am not a farmer but the Mississipi bottomlands had to be at least as congenial place to grow corn as the high Mexican central plateau. Southern Wisconsin was the northern limit of the agriculturalist Mississippian farmers because that was the limit of where their corn could grow so I don’t know how good they were at developing new varieties.

By the nature of their barbarism, we only can tell of hunter/gatherer(/partoralist) population explosions from their effect on neighboring sedentary populations. But they do exist, usually due to an introduction of a new tool or weapon. The Indo-European invasion of the Near East and India with their chariots around 2000BC, the Shoshonean population explosion about 0AD after the introduction of the bow and arrow and their exploitation of the mountain sheep, the Plains Indians after the introduction of the horse, the Cimbric and Teutonic migrations of the 2nd century BC were all spillovers from an overly successful HG culture.

HGer’s, given an increase in population, would just as soon spread out and continue their life style. If they can’t, they have to go agriculturalist or starve.

Here’s what Diamond says in GG&S (p188):

He doesn’t say how these hardier varieties were developed. I doubt if it was deliberate, but perhaps was due to some mutation that that caused it to ripen faster than the regular stuff. Because of that, it would have fairly quickly displaced the other varieties in the fields.

BTW, as far as forming villages, agriculture is not required. There’s a phase of culture known as complex hunter-gathering (or affluent foraging) which occurs in areas with a rich environment. The peoples of the northwest coast are the primary examples of this. They had no domestic plants and only dogs as domestic animals, but they lived in towns and villages ranging in size from a few dozen to about 1000 people.

It’s thought by some anthropologists that complex hunter-gathering is a necessary stage between regular hunter-gathering and agriculture.