Keeping in mind that the viability of prayer is not dependent on me correctly understanding how it works, and keeping in mind also that I am not claiming to know any of the following but rather offer it up as a kind of tentative working-model explanation composed of intuition, theorization, and so forth…
I believe we are on some level cognizant of an immense amount of data, only a small portion of which intrudes upon our consiousness (and even that part is heavily filtered by our little working-models of reality — we see the data vaguely, the schema by which we’ve organized the data and explained it to ourselves more clearly, and the data that doesn’t contribute to the schema rather poorly.
For now, in the spirit of Ockham’s Razor, I will suggest that the avenues by which we are subconsciously cognizant of all that are constituted of normal sensory input. I certainly do not claim any specific knowledge of any other other avenue. (That does not mean that I know that they don’t exist).
What do I think prayer is doing? I think it is focusing a sense of what knowledge or understanding is needed. It obtains a lot of intensity from the emotional drive being poured into the process. In some fashion not transparent to the conscious mind, the result is an assessment of that vast store of data and the formulation of a new schema, theory, reality-model, etc, which the participant then becomes aware of.
That awareness of not an awareness of both product and process, but only of product (suddenly there’s a new understanding, arriving full-blown and fully-formed); it doesn’t tend to be a verbal understanding but rather more often one experienced almost as visual, or at least graphic, diagram-like, with ideas and concepts represented almost as shapes, something that illustrates relationships between things and how they affect and are affected by each other.
Subsequent to the event there tends to come a long protracted period of trying to render it into words, and the words chosen can tend to distort the understanding and get in the way and it can be a frustrating part of the process.
Despite that frustration, there’s generally an excitement, euphoria, I guess from the combo of a new compelling understanding (in the sense that any thing newly understood can be exciting) plus the personal nature of having an understanding that directly ties in and sheds light on matters of high emotional importance to the participant.
Now, back to the self and all that subliminal awareness of all kinds of stuff that doesn’t intrude upon the conscious mind and all that… it’s in one sense “in the mind” but in another sense it is “of the world”; it is, in fact, the entire unabridged library of “self in relation to world”, every bit of that experience as the self has been able to experience it. And not even just the grand repository of all the sensory data, but also the entire library of every thought ever entertained about any of that sensory data, and on the next floor of the library every thought ever entertained about the thoughts about the sensory data, and so on for a very complex and recursive set of thoughts. Including a rather huge batch of thoughts about the self, of course.
If there is a “nature”, an innate set of characteristics, whether of the individual self or of the species of which the individual is a representative, and that “nature” is meaningfully experienced by the self, that’s in the library, too.
If there’s a “nature” of the species which can be experienced by the self as a consequence of interactions with the community and society of other people, a sense of “us”, that’s in there also.
If reality itself has “a nature”, any kind of underlying essence of which the individual self could become aware — a rather formidably abstract thing, that, but perhaps the entirety of the laws of physics understood as if they were the expresson of a “personality” — if such a thing is possible, consider that to be in the library, too.
I don’t find it unreasonable to point to the last three mini-paragraphs and say “these are simply awkward ways of saying that the individual will have sensory input and a history of opinions and thougths pertaining to self, to species, and to ‘life the universe and everything’, all of which are among the individual’s mental experiences”. You may do so. You need not get all mystical if it doesn’t hit you as something to get mystical about.