Here are some replies (following the *) I have to a long list of supposed “proofs against evolution” that someone sent to me.
Enjoy!!
-Lupulin
Well, I should be writing my thesis but instead I’m reading through this
list of Eric’s:
> Reasons for Creationism vs. Evolution
> Section 1: Cosmology, Astronomy, Planetary Geology
> 1.1: The sun contains most of the mass, but only 2% of the angular
momentum
> of the solar system. If the solar system had condensed from a gas cloud,
> most of its angular momentum would be in the sun.
- This value of 2% sounds way off but I don’t have my astronomy books here.
Of course, no reference is given (“Down Mike, down!”). In any event, this
could easily be an oversimplification as, according to current theory about
the origin of the solar system there would have been a lot of material
leftover from the initial disk of material that subsequently got blown away
when the sun achieved the density necessary for thermonuclear ignition.
> 1.2: Most sets of fundamental constants would lead to a universe in which
> life could not exist. Therefore, the fundamental constants of the universe
> must have been fine-tuned by a creator who wished to bring man into
> existence.
- The conditions support life as we know it. That /anything/ about the
current universe (or our solar system or planet in particular) is conducive
to life forms tells us nothing about how those conditions came about! If you
think about this, the very fact that we are here requires that the
conditions around us allow us to be here - it could be no other way!! Note
that the above statement is but one example of grossly over interpreting the
observation cited. Using phrases like “must have been a creator” or “proves
the existence of a creator” or “proves evolution is false” don’t follow from
the specious arguments they present. This is seen again and again throughout
this list…
> 1.3: At the present rate of influx of meteoritic dust from space, the
earth
> and moon after 5 billion years should each be covered with a meteoritic
dust
> layer more than 180 feet thick.
- Earth’s surface isn’t static, there has been constant weathering as well
as geologic upheaval during the Earth’s history so it is not surprising at
all that there is not a lot of “meteoric dust” here. Also, apparently little
of the metors that strike the Earth contribute anything at all to the
Earth’s surface - the vast bulk of the mass is burned up in the atmosphere.
I don’t know about the moon, I’m only an amatuer astronomer and don’t know
jack about the geology of the moon.
> 1.4: The 1st law of thermodynamics states that the energy in the universe
is
> constant. The Big Bang theory states that the universe came out of
nothing,
> so it violates this thermodynamic law.
- The first law only applies to the universe /as it now exists/ - it says
nothing about the origin of the universe.
> 1.5: The 2nd law of thermodynamics states that disorder in the universe
> always increases. This means that the universe could not have started in
an
> ordered state unless it was “wound up” by a Creator.
- Again, as with 1.4 it only applies to the universe as it now exists.
> 1.6: The rotation of the Earth has been slowing at a rate of 30 seconds
per
> century. If the Earth were billions of years old, the rotation rate at the
> outset would have been so great that the planet could not have held
> together, much less support life.
- No reference is given to this value of “30 seconds” (which, by the way is
not a rate!).
> 1.7: Quantum mechanics proves the existence of a creator, since there must
> have been some entity external to the universe to observe it and thus
> collapse it into a determinate state.
- This is a ridiculous statement. It is also striking that they often stress
the point that “nothing in science can ever be proven” yet they often say
this or that aspect of science “proves” the existence of a creator - you
can’t have it both ways!!
> 1.8: Big Bang theory says the universe came from nothing. But something
> cannot come from nothing, so God must have created the universe.
- No, it says it came from an incredibly dense singularity. Also, the first
law again relates only to the universe as we see it currently. The question
of whether or not we are in an oscillatory universe or not appears to still
be open to debaye. Again, they allow no alternative to their position - God
“must” have created the universe. The old question of “Who created God?”
springs to mind here…
If God has always been then why can’t the universe have always been here?
> Section 2: Terrestrial Geology, Radioisotope Dating
I’m not a radio-geologist but here are some comments:
> 2.1: Many test using 14C give dates that are obviously wrong or conflict
> with dates given by other radioisotope tests. For instance, a living
mollusk
> was once shown by 14C dating to be dead for 3,000 years.
- How many? No test is perfect. It is important to know this is a
/significant/ number or not. No percentage is given and no reference. The
HIV blood test gives both false positives and a false negatives but overall
the test is very reliable, useful, and valid. The anecdote given is just
that- an anecdote (unreferenced). Making broad, general condemnations
against radiocarbon dating (or any other scientific technique for that
matter) without backing up that claim by anything more than a couple of
anecdotes is useless. How are we to judge the validity of their claim?
> 2.2: The ages of rocks are determined by the kinds of fossils they
contain,
> but the dating of the fossils depends upon evolutionary assumptions. The
use
> of the old age of rocks to support evolution is thus a circular argument.
- The presence of fossils may provide clues to the age of a geologic
formation but it is not the only source of info (indeed, fossils are not
universally present in rock samples) radioisotopic analysis as well as
positional information are also used.
> 2.3: The rate of decay in the geomagnetic field sets an outside limit of
> 10,000 years for the age of the earth.
- But this assumes we know what the field strength was at t=0 (Earth’s
formation) how would we know this??
> 2.4: If the earth were as old as geologists say, uranium decay would have
> put into the atmosphere more helium than we currently find there.
- I believe that helium is thought to escape from the atmosphere into space.
> 2.5: There are places where “older” rock strata lie above “younger” rock
> strata.
- The Earth is very active - tectonic movements induce upliftings and
subductions. We’ve all seen deformations of rock strata in highway cuts
through mountains, how hard is it to believe that in places this or similar
processes could invert some strata?
> 2.6: Radiometric dating is extremely inaccurate, as is shown by the fact
> that such experiments frequently have error factors of a few million
years.
- Again, no reference. No specifics as to /which/ techniques they are
talking about or /how frequently/ these errors occur. It should be obvious
that what’s important here is what is the /magnitude/ of the error? All
measurements have errors. If we are talking about an isotopic ratio method
where the halflives can measure time in billions of years then the error of
a few million is trivial!
> 2.7: Many radiometric dating tests have yielded false results.
Evolutionists
> discard all those that are inconsistent with their prior assumptions and
> keep those that “verify” their theory.
- If true this would of course go against the principles of scientific
integrity. Again, no references are given for this accusation…
> 2.8: Radiometric dating reports the earth to be old only because the
> cataclysmic action of Noah’s Flood changed the radioisotope concentrations
> in the young earth.
- And just /how/ would a flood do this?
> 2.9: Noah’s flood was caused by the condensing of a vapor canopy that
> contained the waters of the flood. Prior to the flood, the vapor canopy
also
> extended people’s lifespans to the huge ages listed in Genesis, because it
> blocked out harmful UV rays.
- We’ve already discussed this one. P.S. - UV rays are not the cause of
aging!
> 2.10: Niagara Falls is moving upstream at a known rate each year. Its
> current location allows only about 5,000 years since the time it started
> eroding.
- We’ve gone over this one too.
> Section 3: Origin of Life
> 3.1: The law of biogenesis states that life comes only from previous life.
> Therefore prebiotic synthesis - which states that life first developed
from
> nonliving molecules - contradicts a major law of science.
- As with the First law of thermodynamics, biogenesis applies only to the
conditions /extant today/ - it has no bearing on the conditions of a
prebiotic Earth.
> 3.2: Amino acids in living organisms are all left-handed, but in nature,
> equal amounts of left-handed and right-handed amino acids form, so one
would
> expect them to occur in equal proportions in living organisms if
abiogenesis
> were true.
- Wrong. I think Mike addressed this already.
> 3.3: Nucleic acids cannot replicate without the help of proteins.
Proteins,
> however, cannot form unless specified by nucleic acid sequences. Thus,
> genetic systems could not have started naturally.
- Wrong. There are variuos ways to conceive of a genetic system based on
only one componenet. The other componenet could have become associated at a
later time. The two main componenets listed contribute the following:
nucleic acids : information storage
proteins : catalytic ability. The current best guess is that RNA or
something like it may have been an early genetic system. This is because RNA
has been shown to posess catalytic abilities in addition to information
carying. Or, there may have been intermediate forms that are no longer in
evidence in today’s life forms. A great analogy of this is an arch. If you
see a simple stone arch it is hard to see how that system could have come
about - without the entire structure present all at once it does not
function. But, you can easily imagine that during the arch’s construction
some sort of scaffolding or support structure could have filled in the arch
til lit was completed then the support is removed leaving no trace.
> 3.4: There are n! ways of an enzyme or DNA strand of n parts forming
> prebiotically. Since the smallest proteins have at least 100 amino acids,
> the chance of forming a particular enzyme prebiotically is at most 1/100!,
> which is small enough to be disregarded.
- This is totally misinterpreting or misrepresenting the role of chance or
randomness in such a process. It ignores the power of selection, the
possibility of building up from smaller structures and modular
recombinations. Yes, it is improbable that any given sequence would form
totally at random but this is not what biologists postulate happened. This
is a common misunderstanding.
> 3.5: Even though the Earth is an open system, the second law of
> thermodynamics still poses an insuperable barrier to abiogenesis, since
> order in an open system will increase only when there is a complex system
> (such as a host of enzymes or a supernatural creator) to influence the
> reactions. An increase in order in the absence of such a complex system
> would be like sunshine causing loose parts in a junkyard to assemble
itself
> into a pickup truck.
We’ve discussed this ad nauseum. There’s nothing wrong with fecreases in
entropy as long as total entropy in the universe increasaes with time.
Again, I’ll give the ice formation example - where is the “complex system”
responsible for the local decrease in entropy when water spontaneously forms
ice on my windshield in the mornings???
> Section 4: Biological Evolution, Mutations, Speciation
> 4.1: Chromosome numbers cannot change without producing very harmful
> effects.
> 4.2: The perfection of the structures of the various life forms on earth
> clearly reveal themselves as the work of an intelligent designer. Nowhere
is
> this more evident than in the unbelievably complex human eye.
- Perfection?? How are life forms considered to be “perfect?” Even if they
were, how would this “clearly reveal…?” What about rudimentary organs and
other structures?
> 4.3: Evolutionists cannot tell us exactly how most organisms arose. For
> instance, no one can explain what series of mutations could have given
> caterpillars the ability to metamorphose into butterflies.
- This is analogous to the arguments put forward against the fossil record -
if science can’t explain everything or show evidence of every single step
then the entire concept is supposedly invalidated. This is a ridiculous
argument.
> 4.4: The genetic variation in populations that allows them to adapt to
> environmental change through microevolution (as revealed in industrial
> melanism and bacterial antibiotic resistance) was deliberately put in
place
> by the creator.
- This is one interpretation but there is no evidence for this. Where is
this mentioned in the Bible? If true, why then couldn’t He have used
macroevolution as well???
> 4.5: Homologous features do not prove any ancestral relationship between
> organisms, because all classifications above the species level are
man-made
> and arbitrary.
- No, they are just consistent. The classifications are far from
arbitrary.
> 4.6: Industrial melanism does not demonstrate evolution at all because no
> speciation occurs.
- Ths is utterly ridiculous. Evolution is merely a process and this example
supports that this process takes place. The concept they are trying to
refute here is that the species we see today arose through this process. The
industrial melanism example occurred on a timescale not even close to what
current theory says would be required for speciation. On top of this, the
adaptation to this one relatively small environmental condition wouldn’t
even be expected to generate a whole new species!
> 4.7: Mutations are universally deleterious, and thus cannot be a driving
> factor in evolution.
- Also ridiculous - their own #4.6 argues directly against this!
> 4.8: There are plenty of records of mutations causing birth defects, but
> none of mutations causing “birth improvements.”
- Also incorrect. There is constant variation generated. Whether or not
these are “improvements” depends upon the selection pressures in the
environment.
> 4.9: The rate of mutation is so small that it could never serve as a
source
> of variation.
- First, mutation obviously serves a s asource of variation. Second, there
are different kinds of mutations that act at different rates and produce
different types and degrees of variation. Third, the consensus of scientific
evidence points to a VERY old Earth so even slow mutation rates could
eventually contribute.
> 4.10: Macroevolution remains unproved because no one has observed it. In
> fact, macroevolution is in principle unobservable, so evolution must be
> unscientific.
- It cannot be /directly/ observed but direct observation is not a
prerequisite for being scientific.
> 4.11: No one has ever seen one species arise from another.
> 4.12: If evolution were true, then fish would have evolved into amphibians
> and land animals more than once.
- Not necessarily but who says they didn’t?
> 4.13: Sexual reproduction could not have come about through evolution.
> 4.14: There is no evidence for the rapid development of new species.
> 4.15: Natural selection is tautological: the fittest survive, and those
who
> survive are the fittest.
- No, this /statement/ is tautological though. The process of natural
selection can be demomnstrated. It stems from competition for limited
resources by populations with excess breeding capacity. Populations exhibit
variation. Certain of these variations confer a natural advantage to the
individuals posessing them. Since these (phenotypic) traits are heritable
they will increase in frequency in the next generation. The key is that
variation is constantly being generated otherwise it would be a simple cycle
and no evolution would occur.
> 4.16: Organisms feature numerous “irreducibly complex” structures and
> processes, which could not have developed via small evolutionary steps.
> Evolutionists have not even tried to explain how such structures and
> processes could evolve.
> 4.17 Given uniform population growth rates, we can extrapolate backwards
> from today’s population to prove that there could not have been humans
> before 10,000 years ago.
- This would only prove that what we typically think of as “humans” existed
that far back. besides, it assummes a constant exponential growth rate but
this wouldn’y have always been the case bnecessarily - think of the lag time
your yeast starter goes through before it begins exponential growth. Also,
don’t such estimates clash with most fundamental creationists’ expected age
of the Earth of 6000 years? And, as stated here and elsewhere, they believe
that Old Testament lifespans were vastly longer - this would push humans
back even further…
> 4.18 Haldane’s Dilemma proves that humans could not have evolved over the
> time span evolutionists say they did.
- Here they go again, “proving” that evolution couldn’t occur… what is
“Haldane’s Dilemma” anyway?
> Section 5: Paleontology, Fossils, Transitional Forms
> 5.1: The feather impressions in fossils of Archaeopteryx are forgeries.
- Really, then why are they calling it a bird in the next statement (5.2)?
Do they have any evidence to back up this extraordinary claim? What about
the newer fossil forms showing apparent intermediaries between reptiles and
birds - all forgeries too??
> 5.2: Archaeopteryx is not a transitional form but a full-fledged bird. Any
> reptilian characteristics it displays are mirrored in modern birds such as
> the hoatzin.
- Directly contradicts 5.1!
> 5.3: Protoavis precedes Archaeopteryx in the fossil record, so
Archaeopteryx
> cannot possibly be a transitional form.
*?
> 5.4: The Cambrian explosion is a sure sign of the activity of the Creator,
> suddenly creating a multitude of complex forms out of nothing. There are
no
> fossils before the explosion.
- Wrong. Again a “sure sign.” Their unwillingness to entertain any
alternative explanations is unacceptable.
> 5.5: All of the explanations of gaps in the fossil record, such as the
> invocation of punctuated equilibrium and the low probability of
> fossilization, render the evolutionary prediction of transitional forms
> unfalsifiable.
Damn, I’m getting tired of this! I’m gonna pick a few more then stop…
> 5.7: In their search for transitional forms, the evolutionary community
has
> been taken in by outright fraud, as in the case of Piltdown Man, which was
> accepted as a valid specimen for 40 years, and by unfounded speculation,
as
> in the construction of Nebraska Man from what later turned out to be a pig
> tooth. This shows how unobjective evolutionists are.
- So it’s surprising that they were fooled by someone deliberately trying to
mislead them? What are they trying to imply here - that all the other
evidence is also bogus? They should point out that creationists are just as
likely to make mistakes - there’s the classic case of the “Paluxy Man
Tracks” case where Morris and his crew claimed to have found fossilized
human footprints mixed in with dinosaur footprints. Examination by
scientists determined that they were all dinosaurian - none were human. This
is even worse than the Plitdown case as no-one was trying to purposely
deceive the creationists they deceived themselves!
> 6.1: It is likely that many structures in the universe were created with
the
> mere appearance of old age.
- “Likely?” based on what? isn’t it more likely that they /are/ aged?!
> 6.2: Evolution teaches that there are no such things as souls, that the
> Bible is fraudulent, and that God does not exist.
- Evolution teaches no such thing!
> 6.3: Great scientists such as Newton and Kepler believed in a literal
> Genesis.
- Just as many great scientists believe in evolution - so what?
> 6.4: Evolutionists are trying to take over the school system and force
their
> beliefs upon the students.
- No, we are just trying to keep science education limited to matters of
science not mythology.
> 6.5: Natural processes cannot be the cause of qualities seen in humans
like
> love. For instance, the cause of love must be something loving.
- As wonderful as it is and as good as it feels there’s no reason to think
this is nothing more than a result of biochemical reactions in the brain.
Certain psychoactive drugs induce the same state and this is clearly a
purely physical cause…
> 6.6: There are many theories of evolution, each of which “conclusively
> disproves” the other.
> 6.8: Electrons are materially inconceivable, but physicists largely accept
> them as real entities. So what is to keep one from accepting the reality
of
> an inconceivable Creator?
- We can /test/ for the presence of electrons. They are ammenable to
scientific analyses. A supernatural creator is not. There is no scientific
evidence for its presence.
> 6.9: The exclusive teaching of evolution in the science classroom violates
> the teaching of multiculturalism, because many different cultures have
> creation myths which contradict evolution.
- Again, evolution is taught in science class because it is /science/ - it
is not mythology class.
> 6.11: Nothing can be proven, particularly events in the past. Therefore,
> creationism must be just as reasonable as evolution.
- No, nothing can be absolutley proven but theories can be supported by
evidence.
> 6.12: There is nothing wrong with invoking supernatural explanations.
- No, it just isn’t scientific. How are we supposed to choose between the
various (unsupportable) supernatural explanations??
> 6.13: There are many unanswered questions in science, such as the details
of
> the origin of the universe and of prebiotic synthesis. Thus we require a
> supernatural God for explanation.
- Another ridiculous argument - just because we don’t have all the answers
or are unlikely to answer some questions does not mean we "require a
supernatural God for explanation!
PHEW!