When I had cats, they rarely showed any interest in going out in the snow. The times I threw them in a snowbank they were very mad at me.
Dogs: It depends on the dog. Many breeds have thick enough coats that snow & cold doesn’t bother them at all. We have an annual dog sled race that starts in my town - the dogs don’t seem cold at all.
Smaller breeds or breed with less fur either need to stay inside or wear sweaters.
We have a Shiba Inu and a pug. The pug is still a puppy, and she tends to get cold if she’s out for more than 10 minutes or so. The Shiba is fine for up to an hour or so if he’s just sitting back there. If he’s moving - like if we take him hiking, or if he’s playing with other dogs - he keeps warm from the activity. This works for humans as well. I spent 2+ hours snowshoeing yesterday, and was too hot most of the time. I’d overdressed for the weather - it was a relatively warm day, around 30 degrees. However, as soon as I quit snowshoeing, I got cold pretty quickly. Staying active is the key.
Paws don’t freeze unless dogs are left outside too long.
Dogs do their business just fine. I don’t typically clean it up unless it’s in the middle of walkway. This can be messy come spring when it all thaws, though.
Animals can certainly freeze to death if left outside too long.
I put a sweater on the pug puppy. The shiba doesn’t need it.
No, water doesn’t freeze so fast that it freezes before coming out of a hose. Think about it - if you put a bowl of water in your freezer, does it freeze instantly? No, it takes a while.
Yes, if you dump a bucket of water on your porch, the water will freeze. Not instantly, but probably within an hour, depending on how cold it is. You use salt to keep porches and stairways clear of ice.
On a related note, when I was a kid my brothers made ice rinks for skating and playing hockey in our back yard by flooding the yard with the garden hose.
Depends on the plant. If you plant tropical species, chances are they won’t make it through the winter. But there are plenty of cold weather plants that do just fine even when covered in snow and ice for several months. We have many decorative bushes, trees, and flowers around our house that come back every year.
Any other questions? These threads about “what do you do when it SNOWS!” always kill me!