As for the Computational Linguists one, suffice it to say that the strip is implying computational linguists are a bunch of bullshitters. Most soft sciences can be said to be bullshit, really. 
(I say that as a linguist.)
Would someone tell me if the math has any significance in George Clinton (“I once tried to start the urban legend that George Clinton has a B.A. in mathematics”). Even if you don’t know a funking thing about Parliament et al, any idea of what’s on the board may be a clue.
But Chomsky was a computational linguist, right? (That’s what the mouseover says.) And doesn’t Chomsky has a reputation even among linguists of being a bullshitter?
Fourier Transform:
The Fourier transform of a function is a different function that’s related to your original function in a particular way. Basically, it tells you how you can break your original function up into a sum of a whole bunch of sine waves. The Fourier transform of a single sine wave looks like just a spike, and the Fourier transform of a function that’s a sum of two sine waves looks like two spikes, with the position and size of the two spikes telling you the frequencies and amplitudes of the two sine waves, and so on. As a general rule of thumb, if you start with something nice and smooth, and take the Fourier transform of it, you get something really jagged and spiky. A cat is relatively smooth, so its Fourier transform would look something like the thing you see there.
Right-Hand Rule:
There’s a certain kind of product of two vectors called a cross product. If I have two vectors A and B, then there’s a vector C such that C = A×B. The direction of the vector C is such that it’s perpendicular to both A and B. But that still leaves you two different directions to choose from. Which one is it? For that, you need the Right-Hand Rule. There are many variations of it, but one version is “Point the fingers on your right hand in the direction of A. Now curl your fingers in the direction of B. The direction your thumb has to point in to make this possible is the direction of C.”. But you could use any object with a “handedness” for this rule, not just a hand. He’s suggesting a few others.
What XKCD really means:
As you probably guessed, there’s no connection between any of the panels, and the name XKCD is really just random. But for the third panel: Ackerman’s function is a function in mathematics which grows really incredibly insanely fast, such that nobody even knows how to calculate the number you get out of it if you feed in, say, 6. Graham’s number, meanwhile, is the largest number that’s ever been used in any mathematical proof, and is so mindbogglingly huge that it takes a couple of pages just to explain the special notation you need to express it. So using Graham’s number as an argument in the Ackerman function is basically just a recipe for making your head explode.
I think that covers all of them, now.
Sir T-Cups, if you don’t get these, or have difficulty understanding these on first viewing, I’m going to suggest that xkcd is not the comic for you. Much of what he pokes fun at is either science or math related, and unless you have a pretty good background in the stuff, it’s gonna go flying by without tickling your funny bone, even if someone eventually does explain it to you. 
Fractals are mathematical mappings, the graphs of which are interesting patterns, and no matter how small a piece of the graph you look at, the pattern remains interesting. They don’t have much mathematical interest, but about 15 years ago everyone thought they were cool to look at on computer screens.
So blogofractal, playing off blogosphere, is his attempt to show a very dense pattern. Presumably, if you drilled into any one blog, it would expand to just as dense a mapping of other blogs.
The Ackermann function is a function that grows very, very quickly. According to that Wikipedia page, A(4,1) = 65533.
Graham’s number is immensely huge. It’s larger than the largest number you can imagine. If you were to write one digit on every atom in the universe, you couldn’t write that number, and you couldn’t even write how many digits are in that number.
Now, imagine combining the two. Yeah, neither can I.
I’ll point out, since you seem to be having trouble with a lot of them (hey - I write grants, I don’t get most of them), to make sure you’re checking the mouseover text to see if there’s any insight to be gleaned there.
Hell, half the reason I’m in college is so I can some day “get” most of the xkcd comics.
I’m not sure I really get that joke (who is George Clinton, there seem to be several with wikis!) but the equations on the boards are the general definitiion of the Laplace Transform which, while I’ve used them in one course so far, I cannot explain to anyone’s satisfaction!
Parliament Funkadelic, the P-Funk! (Clinton’s the long-haired dude in the white hat.)
Actually, if I remember correctly, Schroedinger was with Einstein. He came up with the cat experiment to show how absurd the probabilistic way of looking at quantum mechanics was. Of course, his thought experiment ended up being the standard way to show how wrong he was. Oh well.
The Kepler strip may also be referring to the ungodly levels of patience (and spare time) the man needed to peruse the observed data of Mars’ orbit in order to come up with his laws of Planetary Motion.
Not quite. Sudo is, literally, “do [this] as if I was the superuser”, i.e. perform this command as if I was the system administrator and had every possible right. Sudo requires the administrator’s login and password before it runs by default, so it’s not like it’s a hacking, magical command. It is, however, very useful when trying to get a user-side app to do what it’s fucking told to.
I understood after the first viewing or so of the comic that a lot of it I wouldn’t totally understand.
What annoys me more than anything are the things that are so damn familiar, but I just can’t place where or how.
Schrodingers cat aside, all of the explanations and such I am getting quite quickly and on the first time, not to mention too that there are comics that I didn’t have to ask the explination.
I think the joke for the Schrodinger’s Cat strip is actually in the mouseover text more so than in the strip itself.
In some programming languages.
And to finish the explanation–comments are ignored completely by the compiler when it makes the executable program from your raw code. In other words, they effectively do not exist. So the character is geekily implying that the things the other character is saying are being completely ignored …
Actually, AudreyK is correct: The command stands for “switch user do”, and can be used to run a program as any user. It’s just that the user you most often want to emulate is the superuser, to do things like installing programs into privileged spaces.
xkcd also shows up from time to time in “Comics I Don’t Understand.”
Huh. I deny any responsibility then - my Unix teacher taught us it meant “super user do”. You can’t reasonably expect a student to do his own research, can you ? CAN YOU ? You effing truth Nazi…