OK lets see how quickly I can do this.
Blood Atonement - Basic idea is that there are some sins so horrifically outside the pale that Christ’s atonement doesn’t cover it any more. Exactly what these are changed over the years. Apostasy was the big one in the 19th century. In the early 20th century that was dropped. So mostly murder, rape and the like. Back in Brigham Young’s day, a church council could declare someone in need of blood atonement and would send someone to carry it out, usually via beheading. A late as 1970 the LDS church was still publishing material like this quote from the prophet Joseph Fielding Smith (grand nephew of the original)
[QUOTE=Joseph Fielding Smith]
Man may commit certain grievous sins—according to his light and knowledge—that will place him beyond the reach of the atoning blood of Christ. If then he would be saved, he must make sacrifice of his Own life to atone—so far as in his power lies—for that sin, for the blood of Christ alone under certain circumstances will not avail… Joseph Smith taught that there were certain sins so grievous that man may commit, that they will place the transgressors beyond the power of the atonement of Christ. If these offenses are committed, then the blood of Christ will not cleanse them from their sins even though they repent. Therefore their only hope is to have their own blood shed to atone, as far as possible, in their behalf.
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Adam-God - The basic idea is that Adam was God the Father. That Eve was one of his plural wives who arrived on Earth and together they physically populated the human race, via the standard fashion. As a corollary Mary was also tossed in as another of God’s plural wives. No idea what role Joseph of Nazareth was supposed to hold. But as both Joseph Smith and Brigham Young had polyandrous marriages with women who remained married to their other husband, it probably wasn’t considered a problem. Even at the time it wasn’t fully accepted in the church. Most famously the Apostle Orson Pratt published essays opposing the doctrine. Even though the doctrine was still being taught by Prophets and Apostles into the 20th century the church has pretty aggressively disavowed this one. Brigham was stating opinion not doctrine, Brigham was using metaphor, Brigham was misunderstood, or otherwise didn’t mean what he plainly meant, have all been used to describe away the doctrine. But it is worth mentioning that it is still followed by the FLDS and some other splinter Mormon groups. Here is one of the many quotes by Brigham Young on the doctrine.
[QUOTE=Brigham Young]
When our father Adam came into the garden of Eden, he came into it with a celestial body, and brought Eve, one of his wives, with him. He helped to make and organize this world. He is MICHAEL, the Archangel, the ANCIENT OF DAYS! about whom holy men have written and spoken—He is our FATHER and our GOD, and the only God with whom WE have to do. Every man upon the earth, professing Christians or non-professing, must hear it, and will know it sooner or later. When the Virgin Mary conceived the child Jesus, the Father had begotten him in his own likeness. He was not begotten by the Holy Ghost. And who is the Father? He is the first of the human family. Jesus, our elder brother, was begotten in the flesh by the same character that was in the Garden of Eden, and who is our Father in Heaven.
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And on preview, Rhodes beat me to it. Oh well I wrote it all out, so here you go.